Irrigation of wheat with select hydraulic fracturing chemicals: Evaluating plant uptake and growth impacts was written by Shariq, Linsey;McLaughlin, Molly C.;Rehberg, Rachelle A.;Miller, Hannah;Blotevogel, Jens;Borch, Thomas. And the article was included in Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) in 2021.Name: Tetramethylammonium chloride The following contents are mentioned in the article:
Oilfield flowback and produced water (FPW) is a waste stream that may offer an alternative source of water for multiple beneficial uses. One practice gaining interest in several semi-arid states is the reuse of FPW for agricultural irrigation. However, it is unknown if the reuse of FPW on edible crops could increase health risks from ingestion of exposed food, or impact crop growth. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using wheat (Triticum aestivum) to investigate the uptake potential of select hydraulic fracturing additives known to be associated with health risks. The selected chems. included acrylamide, didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), diethanolamine, and tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC). Mature wheat grain was extracted and analyzed by liquid chromatog.-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-QQQ) to quantify chem. uptake. Plant development observations were also documented to evaluate impacts of the chems. on crop yield. Anal. results indicated that TMAC and diethanolamine had significantly higher uptake into both wheat grain and stems than control plants which were not exposed to the four chems. under investigation. Acrylamide was measured in statistically higher concentrations in the stems only, while DDAC was not detected in grain or stems. Growth impacts included lodging in treated wheat plants due to increased stem height and grain weight, potentially resulting from increased nitrogen application. While anal. results show that uptake of select hydraulic fracturing chems. in wheat grain and stems is measurable, reuse of FPW for irrigation in real world scenarios would likely result in less uptake because water would be subject to natural degradation, and often treatment and dilution practices. Nonetheless, based on the outstanding data gaps associated with this research topic, chem. specific treatment and regulatory safeguards are still recommended. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Tetramethylammonium chloride (cas: 75-57-0Name: Tetramethylammonium chloride).
Tetramethylammonium chloride (cas: 75-57-0) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, pesticides, chloromethane, teflon, insulators. Organochlorine compounds are lipophylic, meaning they are more soluble in fat than in water. This gives them a high tenancy to accumulate in the food chain (biomagnification).Name: Tetramethylammonium chloride
Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics