Evaluating sewer exfiltration in groundwater by pharmaceutical tracers after the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes, Japan was written by Kobayashi, Jun;Kuroda, Keisuke;Miyamoto, Chinatsu;Uchiyama, Yukiko;Sankoda, Kenshi;Nakajima, Daisuke. And the article was included in Journal of Hazardous Materials in 2021.Formula: C13H9Cl3N2O This article mentions the following:
In Apr. 2016, a series of earthquakes (M 7.3 on the Japan Meteorol. Agency scale) occurred in Kumamoto, Japan causing serious damage to underground sewerage networks. In this study, we evaluated sewer exfiltration in groundwater in the Kumamoto area after the earthquakes by using multiple tracers. We used 14 pharmaceuticals, including carbamazepine and crotamiton, and anthropogenic Gd as tracers, and we measured concentrations of these tracers from Sept. 2016 to Nov. 2017 seasonally. The detection frequency of caffeine, carbamazepine, crotamiton, ibuprofen, and anthropogenic Gd ranged from 29% to 45%, and the concentrations of the pharmaceuticals in the groundwater were lower than those in previous studies. The median of all pharmaceutical concentrations did not decrease, whereas the median of the sum of crotamiton and carbamazepine concentrations, which are quant. sewage markers, decreased with time. The sewer exfiltration rates in Sept. 2016 estimated using carbamazepine, crotamiton, and anthropogenic Gd were 0.59 卤 0.27%, 0.66 卤 0.47%, and 0.11 卤 0.18% of sewage dry weather flow, resp., indicating that the effect of the earthquakes on sewer exfiltration was small, probably because the damaged sewers were quickly repaired. This study demonstrated that a multiple-tracer approach is useful for evaluating sewer exfiltration after major earthquakes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2Formula: C13H9Cl3N2O).
1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, pesticides, chloromethane, teflon, insulators. Alkyl chlorides readily react with amines to give substituted amines. Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction.Formula: C13H9Cl3N2O
Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics