Category: 6055-19-2

Diaz, Dolores; Scott, Andrew; Carmichael, Paul; Shi, Wei; Costales, Chester published the artcile< Evaluation of an automated in vitro micronucleus assay in CHO-K1 cells>, Related Products of 6055-19-2, the main research area is genotoxicity micronucleus bioassay CHOK1 cell.

The authors describe the evaluation of an automated in vitro micronucleus assay using CHO-K1 cells in 96-well plates. CHO-K1 cells were pre-loaded with a cell dye that stains the cytoplasm, after which the cells were treated with the test compounds for either 3 h (for the +S9 condition) or 24 h (for the -S9 condition). A total of 10 concentrations were tested, of which the top 5 concentrations were scored (limited by either cytotoxicity or solubility). At the end of the incubation period the cells were fixed and their DNA was stained with Hoechst. The visualization and scoring of the cells was done using an automated fluorescent microscope coupled with proprietary automated image anal. software provided by Cellomics (Pittsburg, PA). A total of 46 compounds were used in this evaluation, including 8 aneugens and 25 clastogens with varied mechanisms of action. Thirteen non-genotoxic compounds were also included. The automated scoring had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 100%, with a predictive value pos. of 100% and a predictive value neg. of 76%, compared to data from the literature that was obtained with manual scoring. The authors also describe the incorporation of a metabolic activation system using rat liver S9 homogenates, and the use of cell number counts as a cytotoxicity index which is complementary to the CBPI- (cytokinesis-block proliferation index) based index. Finally, the authors also discuss the potential for artifactual findings due to fluorescent precipitate, which should be carefully monitored to prevent false pos. results. In conclusion, the automated in vitro micronucleus scoring is a valid alternative to the manual scoring of slides, and it has the advantage of generating data in a rapid and consistent manner, and with low compound requirements, which makes it well suited as a screening assay in the early stages of compound development.

Mutation Research, Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis published new progress about Bioassay. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Related Products of 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Joshi, S. K.; Mikusa, Joe P.; Weaver, Brenda; Honore, Prisca published the artcile< Morphine and ABT-594 (a Nicotinic Acetylcholine Agonist) Exert Centrally Mediated Antinociception in the Rat Cyclophosphamide Cystitis Model of Visceral Pain>, Application of C7H17Cl2N2O3P, the main research area is morphine sulfate ABT594 antinociception visceral pain anticonvulsant analgesic cystitis.

A visceral pain model incorporating use of cyclophosphamide (CP) to induce bladder inflammation has been described. CP treatment in rats produces changes in behavior (abnormal postures and eye closure) and respiration rate indicative of visceral pain. We characterized the dose-dependency and progression of CP-induced cystitis pain after i.p. (i.p.) CP. The behavioral and respiration rate changes were ameliorated by systemic morphine and ABT-594 [(R)-5-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)-2-chloropyridine], a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, in a manner reversible by naloxone and mecamylamine, resp. Sites of antinociceptive actions of morphine and ABT-594 were investigated using systemic, intrathecal (i.t.), or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of blood-brain barrier impenetrant antagonists. Naloxone methiodide produced a complete antagonism of morphine antinociception after i.c.v. but not i.p. or i.t. administration. Chlorisondamine blocked ABT-594 antinociception after i.c.v. but not i.p. administration. Further pharmacol. characterization of behavioral and respiration changes in CP-cystitis was performed using standard analgesics. The α2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine produced a weak attenuation of CP-pain behavior. NSAIDs (ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and celecoxib) and anticonvulsants (gabapentin and lamotrigine) were without effect. These results demonstrate that morphine and ABT-594 produce antinociception in CP-cystitis by a predominantly supraspinal site of action, and that mechanisms producing robust centrally-mediated antinociception could be beneficial in cystitis pain. Perspective: In this article, potential antinociceptive effects of a variety of pharmacol. agents were evaluated in a rat cystitis pain model. Morphine and a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist ABT-594 were found to exert potent antinociception in this model. Findings presented here aid identification of agents to treat cystitis pain in the clinic.

Journal of Pain published new progress about Analgesics. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Application of C7H17Cl2N2O3P.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Takeshita, Kenji; Ogawa, Hiroaki I.; Maeda, Toshinari published the artcile< Structural chromosome aberrations cause swelling of the nucleus>, HPLC of Formula: 6055-19-2, the main research area is clastogen chromosomal aberration nuclear swelling; Aneugen; Carcinogen; Chromosomal aberration; Clastogen; Genotoxicity; Non-mutagen; Nuclear swelling.

Background: Carcinogens are known to cause swelling of the mammalian cell nucleus. However, the mechanism of the swelling and its toxicol. significance have not been fully elucidated. Since nuclear swelling (NS hereafter) has been frequently observed in chromosomal aberration (CA hereafter) tests (in vitro), the relationship between NS and CAs was investigated in this study. Results: In a short-term CA test using the fibroblast CHL cell line, the appearance of NS increased in a dose-dependent manner after exposure to six types of clastogens (mitomycin C, Me methane sulfonate, 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine, benzo[a]pyrene, cyclophosphamide monohydrate, and 9,10-dimethyl-2-benzanthracene), and a strong correlation was found between NS (%) and CAs (%) at each dosage. Therefore, we hypothesized that clastogens cause NS in cultured mammalian cells, since the mouse lymphoma L5178Y cell line is known to have a similar sensitivity to clastogens. Thus, we measured NS for 14 compounds (clastogens) that are known to induce structural CAs, 4 aneugens, and 12 non-mutagenes. Almost all clastogens caused NS of more than 5%, which increased in a dose-dependent manner. Among the aneugens, colchicine, and diethylstilbestrol caused the same level of NS % as the clastogens, while carbendazim and trichlorfon caused a similar level of NS % as the clastogens only at higher levels of cytotoxicity. Almost all the non-mutagens caused less than 5% NS. Conclusions: These results strongly suggest that NS is mainly caused by structural aberrations in the nucleus during interphase of the cell cycle.

Genes and Environment published new progress about Aneugens. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, HPLC of Formula: 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Todorova, Valentina K.; Kaufmann, Yihong; Klimberg, V. Suzanne published the artcile< Increased efficacy and reduced cardiotoxicity of metronomic treatment with cyclophosphamide in rat breast cancer>, Application In Synthesis of 6055-19-2, the main research area is cyclophosphamide monohydrate doxorubicin hydrochloride anticancer breast cancer cardiotoxicity.

Background/Aim: It has been reported that continuous low-dose (metronomic) administration of cytotoxic drugs may be better tolerated and may have greater antitumor effects than a single high-dose chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and cardiotoxicity of metronomic administration of two of the most commonly used anticancer agents, cyclophosphamide (CPA) and doxorubicin (DOX), on an exptl. breast cancer of rats. Materials and Methods: Breast tumors were induced in Fisher 344 female rats by implanting Mat B III cells. Rats with tumors were randomized into three groups and were treated with a total dose of 160 mg/kg CPA and a total dose of 12 mg/kg DOX, administered twice per wk for four weeks. Control rats were injected with saline according to the same schedule. Echocardiog. was performed before the start of treatment and before sacrifice, which took place two weeks after the last injection, when plasma troponin was also measured. Results: The metronomic CPA eradicated the tumors and preserved body weight and echocardiog. parameters. The metronomic DOX slowed tumor growth, but was not able to prevent DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Conclusion: These results suggest that the success of a metronomic chemotherapy in terms of both efficacy and toxicity depends on the target, the class and the route of administration of the anticancer agent.

Anticancer Research published new progress about Antitumor agents. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Application In Synthesis of 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Kawachi, Izumi; Okamoto, Shuichi; Sakamoto, Mariko; Ohta, Hiroyuki; Nakamura, Yusuke; Iwasaki, Kosuke; Yoshida, Manami; Hiroi, Shinzo; Ogino, Mieko published the artcile< Recent transition of medical cost and relapse rate of multiple sclerosis in Japan based on analysis of a health insurance claims database>, Safety of 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate, the main research area is human multiple sclerosis health insurance medical cost relapse rate; Claims database; Disease-modifying therapy; Health economics; Multiple sclerosis; Real-world data; Relapse rate.

In this study, we aimed to understand the trends in total and itemized medical expenses, especially of disease-modifying therapy (DMT), for multiple sclerosis (MS) in Japan through an anal. of health insurance claims data. We analyzed a database containing health insurance claims data from hospitals that have adopted the Diagnosis Procedure Combination/Per-Diem Payment System in Japan. According to an algorithm based on diagnosis codes, data for all patients diagnosed with MS from Apr. 2008 to July 2016 were extracted Medical costs, rate of each medical treatment, and rate of relapses were analyzed by calendar-year. Medical costs in the month of relapse were compared with average medical costs per mo of all MS patients by a cross-sectional anal. Four thousand three hundred seventy-four MS patients were identified in the database. Total medical cost per patient per mo (PPPM) increased from ¥87,640 (US$787.7 or euro723.0 as of May 2017) to ¥102,846 (US$924.4 or euro848.4) during the study period. This increment was mainly attributed to the growth in cost of outpatient DMT prescriptions, which increased from ¥23,039 (US$207.1 or euro190.1) to ¥51,351 (US$461.5 or euro423.6). In contrast, the rate of hospitalizations and relapses PPPM decreased during the study period (from 0.053 to 0.030, and 0.032 to 0.019, resp.). Medical costs in the month of relapse (¥424,661, US$3816.8 or euro3503.1) were 3.57 times higher than the average monthly costs for all MS patients (¥119,021, US$1069.8 or euro981.8), with the majority comprising hospitalization cost. Concomitant with the increased usage of DMT, the total medical cost for treating MS is increasing in Japan. However, rates of relapse and hospitalization have shown a decreasing trend. Although this study does not show the direct causality between DMT and reduction of relapse rates/fewer hospitalizations among MS patients, a reduction in hospital costs has been revealed concomitantly with the increasing prevalence of DMT.

BMC Neurology published new progress about Diagnosis. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Safety of 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Clardy, J. C.; Mosbo, J. A.; Verkade, J. G. published the artcile< Crystal and molecular structure of the carcinostat cyclophosphamide hydrate>, Recommanded Product: 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate, the main research area is cyclophosphamide structure.

The structure of 2-oxo-2-[bis(β-chloroethyl)amino]-1-hydro-1,3,2-azaoxaphosphorinane (cyclophosphamide), determined by x-ray diffraction, shows that the phosphoryl O is axial and the amino moiety equatorial. The sum of the angles around the exocyclic N is 360.1 ± 0.6.degree. and the plane defined by the atoms attached to this N very nearly bisects the NPO angle of the ring. A water mol. forms H bonds to 2 cyclophosphamide mols. via the phosphoryl O and the proton on the ring N. The triclinic crystals belong to the space group P with Z = 2. The unit-cell parameters are a 8.65(1), b 13.39(1), c 6.01(1) Å, α 96.3(1).degree., β 100.3(1).degree., and γ 106.7(1).degree.. The final R and ωR factors are 0.072 and 0.092 for the 1601 observed reflections, resp.

Phosphorus and the Related Group V Elements published new progress about Crystal structure. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Recommanded Product: 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Gomez-Canela, Cristian; Cortes-Francisco, Nuria; Ventura, Francesc; Caixach, Josep; Lacorte, Silvia published the artcile< Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry as analytical tools to characterize multi-class cytostatic compounds>, Application of C7H17Cl2N2O3P, the main research area is cytostatic pharmaceutical determination water; liquid chromatog tandem mass spectrometry cytostatic pharmaceutical determination; high resolution mass spectrometry liquid chromatog cytostatic pharmaceutical determination.

Cytostatic compounds used for cancer treatment have emerged as a new generation of water pollutants due to the continuous amounts administered to patients and since a variable proportion is excreted unchanged. This work evaluated the performance of liquid chromatog./tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) and high resolution mass spectrometry with an Orbitrap analyzer (LC/HRMS) for the multi-residue determination of multi-class cytostatic compounds U a first step, ionization conditions were tested in pos. electro-spray mode to determine optimum fragmentation patterns. For LC/MS-MS, 2 selected reaction monitoring (SRM) transitions were optimized; for LC/HRMS, the mol. ion with a 5 ppm error and 2 product ions were defined. Then chromatog. conditions were optimized considering the analyzed compounds have very different chem. structure and chromatog. behavior. The best performance was obtained with a Luna C18 column, which separated the 26 compounds in 15 min. Finally, LC/MS-MS and LC/HRMS performances were compared in terms of linearity, sensitivity, intra- and inter-day precision, and overall robustness. While LC/MS-MS had good identification capability due to selective SRM transitions, LC-Orbitrap was 100 times more sensitive. Results provided a comprehensive overview of MS conditions to determine the most used cytostatic compounds and a spectral library to use to identify these compounds in water or biol. matrixes.

Journal of Chromatography A published new progress about Drugs (cytostatic). 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Application of C7H17Cl2N2O3P.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Gomez-Lechon, Maria Jose; Tolosa, Laia; Castell, Jose V.; Donato, Maria Teresa published the artcile< Mechanism-based selection of compounds for the development of innovative in vitro approaches to hepatotoxicity studies in the LIINTOP project>, Product Details of C7H17Cl2N2O3P, the main research area is development innovative hepatotoxicity LIINTOP project.

The 6th European Framework Program project LIINTOP was specifically raised to optimize and provide established protocols and exptl. in vitro models for testing intestinal and liver absorption, metabolism and toxicity of mols. of pharmacol. interest. It has been focused on some of the most promising existing liver and intestine in vitro models with the aim of further improving their performance and thus taking them to a pre-normative research stage. Regarding the specific area of the liver, a first basic approach was the optimization of in vitro hepatic models and the development and optimization of in vitro approaches for toxicity screening. New advanced technologies have been proposed and developed in order to determine cellular and mol. targets as endpoints of drug exposure. A key issue in the development and optimization of in vitro hepatotoxicity screening methods was the selection of structurally diverse suitable hepatotoxic reference model compounds to be tested. To this end, a number of solid selection criteria were defined (drugs preferably than chem. agents, well-documented hepatotoxicity in man and well-defined mechanism/s of hepatotoxicity, com. available no volatile compounds with unequivocal CAS number and chem. structure), the strategy followed, including all resources consulted, is described and the selected compounds are extensively illustrated.

Toxicology in Vitro published new progress about Drug screening. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Product Details of C7H17Cl2N2O3P.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Marcsisin, Ellen J.; Uttero, Christina M.; Mazur, Antonella I.; Miljkovic, Milos; Bird, Benjamin; Diem, Max published the artcile< Noise Adjusted Principal Component reconstruction to optimize infrared microspectroscopy of individual live cells>, Computed Properties of 6055-19-2, the main research area is noise adjustment optimization imaging FTIR microspectroscopy live cell; living cell IR microspectroscopy imaging drug treatment personalized medicine.

We have optimized an imaging methodol. capable of monitoring individual live HeLa cells using non-synchrotron FTIR in an aqueous environment. This methodol., in combination with MATLAB based pre-processing techniques, allows fast and efficient collection of data with high signal-to-noise ratio in comparison with previous methods using point mode data collection, which required manual operation and more collection time. Also, presented are early results that illustrate interpretable spectral differences from live cells treated with chemotherapeutic drugs, demonstrating the potential of this methodol. to develop more desirable modes of treatment for patients in their diagnoses and treatments for disease.

Analyst (Cambridge, United Kingdom) published new progress about Apparatus (live cell chamber). 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Computed Properties of 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Kim, Hyeon-Young; Kim, Tae Rim; Kim, Sung-Hwan; Kim, In-Hyeon; Ko, Youngho; Yun, Sungil; Lee, In-Chul; Park, Han-Oh; Kim, Jong-Choon published the artcile< Genotoxicity evaluation of self-assembled-micelle inhibitory RNA-targeting amphiregulin (SAMiRNA-AREG), a novel siRNA nanoparticle for the treatment of fibrotic disease>, HPLC of Formula: 6055-19-2, the main research area is amphiregulin SAMiRNA targeting nanoparticle fibrotic disease treatment genotoxicity; GLP study; Self-assembled-micelle interfering RNA nanoparticle; amphiregulin; genotoxicity; safety evaluation.

The self-assembled-micelle inhibitory RNA-targeting amphiregulin (SAMiRNA-AREG) is a novel small-interfering RNA (siRNA) nanoparticle that is used for treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. We investigated the potential genotoxicity of SAMiRNA-AREG based on the guidelines published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. In the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test), SAMiRNA-AREG did not induce mutations in Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA1535, TA98, and TA1537 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA at concentrations of up to 3000μg/plate with or without metabolic activation. The SAMiRNA-AREG (concentrations up to 500μg/mL) did not induce chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster lung cells with or without metabolic activation. In the in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay, the SAMiRNA-AREG (concentrations up to 300 mg/kg body weight) did not affect the proportions of polychromatic erythrocytes and total erythrocytes, nor did it increase the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in ICR mice. Collectively, these results suggest that SAMiRNA-AREG is safe with regard to genotoxicity such as mutagenesis or clastogenesis under the present exptl. conditions. These results might support the safety of SAMiRNA-AREG as a potential therapeutic agent for pharmaceutical development.

Drug and Chemical Toxicology (1977) published new progress about Ames test. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, HPLC of Formula: 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics