Category: 6055-19-2

Lee, Mee-Young; Seo, Chang-Sebo; Kim, Ji-Young; Shin, Hyeun-Kyoo published the artcile< Genotoxicity evaluation of Oryeong-san water extract using in vitro and in vivo tests>, Name: 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate, the main research area is Salmonella Escherichia Oryeong san water extract genotoxicity.

Background: Oryeong-san, a mixture of five herbal plants, is a well-known therapy for renal-associated diseases such as those manifesting edema, dysuria, and oliguria. Methods: In the present study, we investigate the potential genotoxic effects of a water extract of Oryeong-san (ORSE) in three mutagenicity assays (an in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) with Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli strains, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test using Chinese hamster lung cells, and an in vivo micronucleus test using ICR mice bone marrow). Results: ORSE showed no genotoxicity in the Ames test up to 5000 μg/plate; the in vitro chromosome aberration test showed no significant structural aberrations with and without the S9 mix up to 5000 μg/mL, or the in vivo micronucleus test up to 2000 mg/kg body weight Conclusions: In conclusion, under the current test conditions, ORSE seems safe for use; however, other genotoxicity tests (e.g. sister-chromatid exchange or Comet) or chronic toxicity tests are warranted.

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine published new progress about Alisma orientale. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Name: 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Harrill, Joshua A.; Freudenrich, Theresa; Wallace, Kathleen; Ball, Kenneth; Shafer, Timothy J.; Mundy, William R. published the artcile< Testing for developmental neurotoxicity using a battery of in vitro assays for key cellular events in neurodevelopment>, Formula: C7H17Cl2N2O3P, the main research area is primary cortical cell developmental neurotoxicity battery; Assay suite; Concentration-response; Developmental neurotoxicity; High content imaging; In vitro models; Toxicity screening.

Medium- to high-throughput in vitro assays that recapitulate the critical processes of nervous system development have been proposed as a means to facilitate rapid testing and identification of chems. which may affect brain development. In vivo neurodevelopment is a complex progression of distinct cellular processes. Therefore, batteries of in vitro assays that model and quantify effects on a variety of neurodevelopmental processes have the potential to identify chems. which may affect brain development at different developmental stages. In the present study, the results of concentration-response screening of 67 reference chems. in a battery of high content imaging and microplate reader-based assays that evaluate neural progenitor cell proliferation, neural proginitor cell apoptosis, neurite initiation/outgrowth, neurite maturation and synaptogenesis are summarized and compared. The assay battery had a high degree of combined sensitivity (87%) for categorizing chems. known to affect neurodevelopment as active and a moderate degree of combined specificity (71%) for categorizing chems. not associated with affects on neurodevelopment as inactive. The combined sensitivity of the assay battery was higher compared to any individual assay while the combined specificity of the assay battery was lower compared to any individual assay. When selectivity of effects for a neurodevelopmental endpoint as compared to general cytotoxicity was taken into account, the combined sensitivity of the assay battery decreased (68%) while the combined specificity increased (93%). The identity and potency of chems. identified as active varied across the assay battery, underscoring the need for use of a combination of diverse in vitro models to comprehensively screen chems. and identify those which potentially affect neurodevelopment. Overall, these data indicate that a battery of assays which address many different processes in nervous system development may be used to identify potential developmental neurotoxicants and to distinguish specific from generalized cytotoxic effects with a high degree of success.

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology published new progress about Apoptosis. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Formula: C7H17Cl2N2O3P.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Komoto, Chiho; Nakamura, Tsutomu; Ohmoto, Nobuko; Kobayashi, Hironao; Yagami, Tatsurou; Nishiguchi, Kohshi; Iwaki, Koichi; Kuwahara, Akiko; Yamamori, Motohiro; Okamura, Noboru; Okumura, Katsuhiko; Sakaeda, Toshiyuki published the artcile< Three-dimensional, but not two-dimensional, culture results in tumor growth enhancement after exposure to anticancer drugs>, Application In Synthesis of 6055-19-2, the main research area is collagen gel droplet embedded culture drug sensitivity test chemosensitivity; cervical carcinoma WST1 assay anticancer.

Previously, we have adapted a recently developed three-dimensional chemosensitivity test, the collagen gel droplet embedded culture drug sensitivity test (CD-DST), for evaluation of chemosensitivity of 12 anticancer drugs against colorectal adenocarcinoma, and surprisingly, it was found that tumor growth enhancement was occasionally observed even after exposure to anticancer drugs. In this study, the CD-DST was applied for human cervical carcinoma cell line HeLa-Ohio (HeLa) cells and its MDR1/P-glycoprotein-overexpressing subline, Hvr100-6 cells, and 12 anticancer drugs were assessed in terms of chemosensitivity and deterioration of tumor, and the results were compared with those by two-dimensional WST-1 assay. Growth enhancement was observed in Hvr100-6 cells, not in HeLa cells, for mitomycin C with the ratio of total volume of colonies in the treated group to that in the untreated group (T/C%) of 135.0%, doxorubicin with T/C% of 162.5% and cyclophosphamide with T/C% of 122.0%, and this was not observed in WST-1 assay. Multidrug resistance was detected both for CD-DST and WST-1 assay. The values of T/C% in CD-DST were comparable with or higher than those of the survival fraction (%) in WST-1 assay, and modification of WST-1 assay procedure gave similar results, suggesting a higher resistance in three-dimensional than in two-dimensional culture. Further investigations should be addressed to the association of MDR1/P-glycoprotein with tumor growth enhancement.

Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences published new progress about Antitumor agents. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Application In Synthesis of 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Ali, Shaukat; van Mil, Harald G. J.; Richardson, Michael K. published the artcile< Large-scale assessment of the zebrafish embryo as a possible predictive model in toxicity testing>, Safety of 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate, the main research area is zebrafish embryo drug toxicity.

Background: In the drug discovery pipeline, safety pharmacol. is a major issue. The zebrafish has been proposed as a model that can bridge the gap in this field between cell assays (which are cost-effective, but low in data content) and rodent assays (which are high in data content, but less cost-efficient). However, zebrafish assays are only likely to be useful if they can be shown to have high predictive power. We examined this issue by assaying 60 water-soluble compounds representing a range of chem. classes and toxicol. mechanisms. Methodol./Principal Findings: Over 20,000 wild-type zebrafish embryos (including controls) were cultured individually in defined buffer in 96-well plates. Embryos were exposed for a 96 h period starting at 24 h post fertilization. A logarithmic concentration series was used for range-finding, followed by a narrower geometric series for LC50 determination Zebrafish embryo LC50 (log mmol/L), and published data on rodent LD50 (log mmol/kg), were found to be strongly correlated (using Kendall’s rank correlation tau and Pearson’s product-moment correlation). The slope of the regression line for the full set of compounds was 0.73403. However, we found that the slope was strongly influenced by compound class. Thus, while most compounds had a similar toxicity level in both species, some compounds were markedly more toxic in zebrafish than in rodents, or vice versa. Conclusions: For the substances examined here, in aggregate, the zebrafish embryo model has good predictivity for toxicity in rodents. However, the correlation between zebrafish and rodent toxicity varies considerably between individual compounds and compound class. We discuss the strengths and limitations of the zebrafish model in light of these findings.

PLoS One published new progress about Alkaloids Role: ADV (Adverse Effect, Including Toxicity), BIOL (Biological Study). 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Safety of 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Lutterbeck, Carlos Alexandre; Kern, Deivid Ismael; Machado, Enio Leandro; Kuemmerer, Klaus published the artcile< Evaluation of the toxic effects of four anti-cancer drugs in plant bioassays and its potency for screening in the context of waste water reuse for irrigation>, Product Details of C7H17Cl2N2O3P, the main research area is Lactuca Allium seedling anticancer drug toxicity potency; Anti-cancer drugs; Cytotoxicity; Genotoxicity; Mutagenicity; Phytotoxicity.

Anti-cancer drugs are compounds that are of high environmental relevance because of their lack of specific mode of action. They can be extremely harmful to living organisms even at low concentrations The present study evaluated the toxic effects of four frequently used anti-cancer drugs against plant seedlings, namely Cyclophosphamide (CP), Methotrexate (MTX), 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and Imatinib (IM). The phytotoxicity experiments were performed with Lactuca sativa seedlings whereas cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity investigations were performed with the well-established Allium cepa assays. MTX was the most phytotoxic compound, followed by 5-FU, CP and IM. Significant differences in the Mitotic Indexes (MI) were observed in three of the studied compounds (MTX, 5-FU and CP), indicating potential cytotoxic activity of these substances. Chromosome aberrations were registered in cells that were exposed to 5-FU, CP and IM. All the four compounds caused the formation of micronucleated cells indicating mutagenic potential. Besides, the assays performed with MTX samples presented a high number of cell apoptosis (cell death). Although it is unlikely that the pharmaceuticals concentrations measured in the environment could cause lethal effects in plants, the obtained results indicate that these compounds may affect the growth and normal development of these plants. So, both tests can constitute important tools for a fast screening of environmental contamination e.g. in the context of the reuse of treated wastewater and biosolids of agricultural purpose.

Chemosphere published new progress about Allium cepa. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Product Details of C7H17Cl2N2O3P.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Nishimura, Yoko; Morikawa, Yuji; Kondo, Chiaki; Tonomura, Yutaka; Fukushima, Ryou; Torii, Mikinori; Uehara, Takeki published the artcile< Genomic biomarkers for cardiotoxicity in rats as a sensitive tool in preclinical studies>, HPLC of Formula: 6055-19-2, the main research area is isoproterenol hydrochloride cyclosporin A Spp1 gene biomarker; cardiac troponin; cardiotoxicity; drug development; genomic biomarker; toxicogenomics.

The development of safer drugs is a high priority for pharmaceutical companies. Among the various toxicities caused by drugs, cardiotoxicity is an important issue because of its lethality. In addition, cardiovascular toxicity leads to the attrition of many drug candidates in both preclin. and clin. phases. Although histopathol. and blood chem. examinations are the current gold standards for detecting cardiotoxicity in preclin. studies, the large number of withdrawals from clin. studies owing to safety problems indicate that a more sensitive tool is required. We recently identified 32 genes that were candidate genomic biomarkers for cardiotoxicity in rats. Based on their functions, the present study focused on 8 of these 32 genes (Spp1, Fhl1, Timp1, Serpine1, Bcat1, Lmcd1, Rnd1 and Tgfb2). Diagnostic accuracy for the genes was determined by a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) anal. using more cardiotoxic and non-cardiotoxic compounds In addition, an optimized support vector machine (SVM) model that was composed of Spp1 and Timp1 was newly constructed. This new multi-gene model exhibited a much higher diagnostic accuracy than that observed for plasma cardiac troponin I (cTnI), which is one of the most useful plasma biomarkers for cardiotoxicity detection. Furthermore, we determined that this multi-gene model could predict potential cardiotoxicity in rats in the absence of any cardiac histopathol. lesions or elevations of plasma cTnI. Overall, this multi-gene model exhibited advantages over classic tools commonly used for cardiotoxicity evaluations in rats. Our current results suggest that application of the model could potentially lead to the production of safer drugs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Journal of Applied Toxicology published new progress about Animal gene Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study) (Bcat1). 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, HPLC of Formula: 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Atli Sekeroglu, Zulal; Gediz Erturk, Aliye; Kontas Yedier, Seval; Sekeroglu, Vedat published the artcile< In vitro cytogenetic activity of 3-amino-4-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2,5-thiadiazole 1,1-dioxide>, Reference of 6055-19-2, the main research area is amino dimethylamino phenyl dihydro thiadiazole dioxide cytogenetic activity; 1,2,5-Thiadiazole 1,1-dioxide; chromosome aberrations; cytotoxicity; lymphocytes; micronucleus.

In a previous study, 3-amino-4-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2,5-thiadiazole 1,1-dioxide (DPTD), which is five-membered cyclosulfamide, was synthesized and structurally characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of DPTD on cultured human lymphocytes in the presence and absence of a metabolic activation system (S9 mix). The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of DPTD in human peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined in vitro by using chromosomal aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) tests. Mitomycin-C (MMC) for cultures without S9 mix and cyclophosphamide monohydrate (CP) for cultures with S9 mix were used as pos. controls. The cultures were treated with DPTD (45, 90, and 180μg/mL) in the absence and presence of S9 mix. The cells were also co-treated with DPTD together with MMC or CP. DPTD showed cytotoxic activity due to decreases in mitotic index (MI) and nuclear division index (NDI) in the absence and presence of S9 mix. DPTD also increased the CAs, aberrant cells with CAs and MN values in cultures with and without S9 mix. When DPTD and MMC or CP were used together, lower MI and NDI values and higher CA and MN values were found than those DPTD treated alone. Both DPTD and its metabolites have cytotoxic, cytostatic and genotoxic potential on human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures under the exptl. conditions. Furthermore, co-treatment of DPTD and MMC or CP can cause more cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Our results indicated that the use of DPTD with other chemotherapeutic drugs may display more effective results.

Drug and Chemical Toxicology (1977) published new progress about Genotoxicity. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Reference of 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Nakahara, Takako; Sakaeda, Toshiyuki; Nakamura, Tsutomu; Tamura, Takao; Nishioka, Chiharu; Aoyama, Nobuo; Okamura, Noboru; Shirakawa, Toshiro; Gotoh, Akinobu; Kamigaki, Takashi; Ohno, Masakazu; Kuroda, Yoshikazu; Matsuo, Masafumi; Kasuga, Masato; Okumura, Katsuhiko published the artcile< Chemosensitivity Assessed by Collagen Gel Droplet Embedded Culture Drug Sensitivity Test, and MDR1, MRP1, and MRP2 mRNA Expression in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinomas>, Safety of 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate, the main research area is chemosensitivity test multidrug resistance antitumor colorectal adenocarcinomas.

Purpose: To evaluate chemosensitivity and its correlation with expression levels of the multidrug resistant transporter (MDR1) and the multidrug resistance-associated proteins 1 and 2 (MRP1, MRP2) mRNA in human colorectal adenocarcinomas. Methods: Colorectal adenocarcinomas were obtained as surgical samples from 25 patients. The chemosensitivity of 12 anticancer drugs was assessed by the collagen gel droplet embedded culture drug sensitivity test (CD-DST). The expression levels of MDR1, MRP1, and MRP2 mRNA in colorectal adenocarcinomas were also evaluated by real-time quant. reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: The chemosensitivity was successfully evaluated for 16 of 25 patients, and the anticancer drugs were effective against the samples showing a relatively high growth rate. Gemcitabine hydrochloride was found to be more promising than those often prescribed for the treatment of colorectal adenocarcinoma. There was no correlation of the mRNA expression levels of MDR1 and MRP1 with the chemosensitivity of any anticancer drugs tested, but mitomycin C was found to be more effective for the colorectal adenocarcinoma with relatively high expression of MRP2 mRNA.

Pharmaceutical Research published new progress about Animal gene Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study) (MRP1). 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Safety of 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Franquet-Griell, Helena; Medina, Andres; Sans, Carme; Lacorte, Silvia published the artcile< Biological and photochemical degradation of cytostatic drugs under laboratory conditions>, Safety of 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate, the main research area is biol photochem degradation cytostatic drug water wastewater; Advanced oxidation processes; Biodegradation; Cytostatic drugs; Kinetics; Photolysis.

Cytostatic drugs, used in chemotherapy, have emerged as new environmental contaminants due to their recurrent presence in surface waters and genotoxic effects. Yet, their degradability and environmental fate is largely unknown. The aim was to determine the degradation kinetics of 16 cytostatic drugs, prioritized according to their usage and occurrence in hospital and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) effluents, through the following laboratory scale processes: hydrolysis, aerobic biodegradation, UV-C photolysis, UV-C/H2O2 and simulated solar radiation. Some drugs were unstable in milli-Q water (vincristine, vinblastine, daunorubicin, doxorubicin and irinotecan); others were photodegraded under UV-C light (melphalan and etoposide) but some others were recalcitrant to biodegradation and/or UV-C, making necessary the use of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as UV-C/H2O2 for complete elimination (cytarabine, ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide). Radiation in a solar box was used to simulate the fate of cytostatic drugs in surface waters under natural radiation and complete removal was not observed for any drug. The degradation process was monitored using liquid chromatog. coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry and pseudo-1st order kinetic degradation constants were calculated This study provides new data on the degradability of cytostatic compounds in water, thus contributing to the existing knowledge on their fate and risk in the environment.

Journal of Hazardous Materials published new progress about Antiproliferative agents. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Safety of 2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinane 2-oxide hydrate.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Spiliotopoulos, Dimitrios; Koelbert, Cecile published the artcile< Assessment of the miniaturized liquid Ames microplate format (MPF) for a selection of the test items from the recommended list of genotoxic and non-genotoxic chemicals>, Electric Literature of 6055-19-2, the main research area is miniaturized liquid Ames microplate format genotoxic chem; 384-well plate test; Ames MPF test; Ames test; Comparative study; Genotoxicity; Liquid miniaturized microfluidic.

The Ames microplate format (MPF) is a miniaturized version of the plate agar Ames tests that takes advantage of a liquid microplate approach in 384-well plates with a color change-based readout. This method, already compared to the Ames test in Petri dishes, is used to assess the genotoxic potential of a variety of test items, including (but not limited to) chems., environmental samples, and drug candidates.61 chems. were selected from the updated recommended lists of genotoxic and non-genotoxic chems. for assessment of the performance of new or improved genotoxicity tests and tested in up to five bacterial strains. The agreement with the data from the scientific literature (over 90%) confirms the reliability of the Ames MPF as a cost-effective and 3R-compliant alternative to the regulatory Ames test that allows to predict and evaluate chems.’ mutagenicity in a faster, less laborious and, if available, automatable manner.

Mutation Research, Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis published new progress about Genotoxicity. 6055-19-2 belongs to class chlorides-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C7H17Cl2N2O3P, Electric Literature of 6055-19-2.

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics