Category: 6249-56-5

Enomoto, Atsushi published the artcileMolecular Identification of a Novel Carnitine Transporter Specific to Human Testis. Insights into the Mechanism of Carnitine Recognition, SDS of cas: 6249-56-5, the publication is Journal of Biological Chemistry (2002), 277(39), 36262-36271, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

L-Carnitine is an essential component of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation and plays a pivotal role in the maturation of spermatozoa within the male reproductive tract. Epididymal plasma contains the highest levels of L-carnitine found in the human body, and initiation of sperm motility occurs in parallel to L-carnitine increase in the epididymal lumen. Using a specific carrier, epididymal epithelium secretes L-carnitine into the lumen by an active transport mechanism; however, the structure-activity relationship comprising the carnitine-permeation pathway is poorly understood. We discovered a novel carnitine transporter (CT2) specifically located in human testis. Analyzing the primary structure of CT2 revealed that it is phylogenetically located between the organic cation transporter (OCT/OCTN) and anion transporter (OAT) families. Hence, CT2 represents a novel transporter family. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, CT2 mediates the high affinity transport of L-carnitine but does not accept mainstream OCT/OCTN cationic or OAT anionic substrates. We synthesized and tested various carnitine-related compounds and investigated the physicochem. properties of substrate recognition by semi-empirical computational chem. The data suggest that the quaternary ammonium cation bulkiness and relative hydrophobicity be the most important factors that trigger CT2-substrate interactions. Immunohistochem. showed that the CT2 protein is located in the luminal membrane of epididymal epithelium and within the Sertoli cells of the testis. The identification of CT2 represents an interesting evolutionary link between OCT/OCTNs and OATs, as well as provides us with an important insight into the maturation of human spermatozoa.

Journal of Biological Chemistry published new progress about 6249-56-5. 6249-56-5 belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Phase Transfer Catalyst,Inhibitor,Natural product, name is 3-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylpropan-1-aminium chloride, and the molecular formula is C7H16ClNO2, SDS of cas: 6249-56-5.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Vaz, Frédéric M published the artcileCarnitine biosynthesis in mammals., Application In Synthesis of 6249-56-5, the publication is The Biochemical journal (2002), 361(Pt 3), 417-29, database is MEDLINE.

Carnitine is indispensable for energy metabolism, since it enables activated fatty acids to enter the mitochondria, where they are broken down via beta-oxidation. Carnitine is probably present in all animal species, and in numerous micro-organisms and plants. In mammals, carnitine homoeostasis is maintained by endogenous synthesis, absorption from dietary sources and efficient tubular reabsorption by the kidney. This review aims to cover the current knowledge of the enzymological, molecular, metabolic and regulatory aspects of mammalian carnitine biosynthesis, with an emphasis on the human and rat.

The Biochemical journal published new progress about 6249-56-5. 6249-56-5 belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Phase Transfer Catalyst,Inhibitor,Natural product, name is 3-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylpropan-1-aminium chloride, and the molecular formula is C6H4ClNO2, Application In Synthesis of 6249-56-5.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Christianson, D. D. published the artcileChromatography of quaternary nitrogen compounds on buffered cation-exchange resins, Application In Synthesis of 6249-56-5, the publication is Journal of Chromatography (1963), 432-8, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

Betaines and other naturally occurring quaternary N compounds were detected and determined by a modification of the method of W., et al. (CA 54, 18198b) based on ultraviolet absorbance by their periodides. Columns used were uniformly sized, pulverized, sulfonated polystyrene resin, with Na citrate buffers of pH 2.2, 3.25, and 4.25 for elution. Better separation of betaine, stachydrine, choline, trigoneltine, N-methylnicotinamide, and carnitine was obtained with these eluents than with HCl because of greater differences in degrees of ionization in the buffer system. Corn-grain extracts were separated in 2 days into trigonelline, choline, and an unknown substance yielding a periodide derivative

Journal of Chromatography published new progress about 6249-56-5. 6249-56-5 belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Phase Transfer Catalyst,Inhibitor,Natural product, name is 3-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylpropan-1-aminium chloride, and the molecular formula is C7H16ClNO2, Application In Synthesis of 6249-56-5.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Christianson, Donald D. published the artcileSeparation and determination of quaternary nitrogen compounds and other nitrogenous substances by ion-exchange chromatography. Application to analysis of corn extracts, HPLC of Formula: 6249-56-5, the publication is Anal. Chem. (1960), 874-8, database is CAplus.

cf. preceding abstract A known mixture of quaternary N compounds (q.n.c.) (including carnitine, choline, betaine, trigonelline, thiamine, γ-butyrobetaine, and stachydrine) and certain related amines and amino acids were separated on a column of the acid form of Dowex-50W with increasing concentrations of aqueous HCl as the eluant (CA 47, 11348i). Recovery was quant. for all q.n.c. except N-methylnicotinamide and ergothioneine. The procedure was applied to an aqueous concentrate from a 80% EtOH extraction of whole corn grain. From this were characterized and determined 3 of q.n.c., 16 amino acids and amides, and one purine. In order of decreasing amounts: asparagine, choline, alanine, and γ-aminobutyric acid were the major free N compounds found. Two of the substances, if not others, originally present in the corn extract were altered during the separation process by acid hydrolysis. It is suggested that this separation technique can be used to fractionate as little as 300 γ of each q.n.c. for routine analysis.

Anal. Chem. published new progress about 6249-56-5. 6249-56-5 belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Phase Transfer Catalyst,Inhibitor,Natural product, name is 3-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylpropan-1-aminium chloride, and the molecular formula is C7H16ClNO2, HPLC of Formula: 6249-56-5.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Chen, Suming published the artcileMass Spectrometry for Paper-Based Immunoassays: Toward On-Demand Diagnosis, SDS of cas: 6249-56-5, the publication is Journal of the American Chemical Society (2016), 138(20), 6356-6359, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

Current anal. methods, either point-of-care or centralized detection, are not able to meet recent demands of patient-friendly testing and increased reliability of results. Here, the authors describe a two-point separation on-demand diagnostic strategy based on a paper-based mass spectrometry immunoassay platform that adopts stable and cleavable ionic probes as mass reporter; these probes make possible sensitive, interruptible, storable, and restorable on-demand detection. In addition, a new touch paper spray method was developed for on-chip, sensitive, and cost-effective analyte detection. This concept is successfully demonstrated via (i) the detection of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 antigen and (ii) multiplexed and simultaneous detection of cancer antigen 125 and carcinoembryonic antigen.

Journal of the American Chemical Society published new progress about 6249-56-5. 6249-56-5 belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Phase Transfer Catalyst,Inhibitor,Natural product, name is 3-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylpropan-1-aminium chloride, and the molecular formula is C7H16ClNO2, SDS of cas: 6249-56-5.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Borovska, Jirina published the artcileAccess of inhibitory neurosteroids to the NMDA receptor, Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks, the publication is British Journal of Pharmacology (2012), 166(3), 1069-1083, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

Background and Purpose: NMDA receptors are glutamatergic ionotropic receptors involved in excitatory neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity and excitotoxic cell death. Many allosteric modulators can influence the activity of these receptors pos. or neg., with behavioral consequences. 20-Oxo-5β-pregnan-3α-yl sulfate (pregnanolone sulfate; PA-6) is an endogenous neurosteroid that inhibits NMDA receptors and is neuroprotective. The authors tested the hypothesis that the interaction of PA-6 with the plasma membrane is critical for its inhibitory effect at NMDA receptors. Exptl. Approach: Electrophysiol. recordings and live microscopy were performed on heterologous HEK293 cells expressing GluN1/GluN2B receptors and cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Key Results: The authors’ experiments showed that the kinetics of the steroid inhibition were slow and not typical of drug-receptor interaction in an aqueous solution In addition, the recovery from steroid inhibition was accelerated by β- and γ-cyclodextrin. Values of IC₅₀ assessed for novel synthetic C3 analogs of PA-6 differed by more than 30-fold and were pos. correlated with the lipophilicity of the PA-6 analogs. Finally, the onset of inhibition induced by C3 analogs of PA-6 ranged from use-dependent to use-independent. The onset and offset of cell staining by fluorescent analogs of PA-6 were slower than those of steroid-induced inhibition of current responses mediated by NMDA receptors. Conclusion and Implications: The authors conclude that steroid accumulation in the plasma membrane is the route by which it accesses a binding site on the NMDA receptor. Thus, the authors’ results provide a possible structural framework for pharmacol. targeting the transmembrane domains of the receptor.

British Journal of Pharmacology published new progress about 6249-56-5. 6249-56-5 belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Phase Transfer Catalyst,Inhibitor,Natural product, name is 3-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylpropan-1-aminium chloride, and the molecular formula is C7H16ClNO2, Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Jones, Richard T. published the artcileChromatography of human hemoglobin. Factors influencing chromatography and differentiation of similar hemoglobins, Related Products of chlorides-buliding-blocks, the publication is Journal of Chromatography (1963), 421-31, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

The method of Allen, et al. (CA 52, 10344d) and its modifications for hemoglobin (I) determination are reviewed. The methods are affected by temperature, pH, and ionic concentration of developers, state of equilibrium of the Amberlite IRC-50, amount of I, and oxidation state of the heme in the I applied. By the use of a radioactive tracer technique, differences in the chromatographic behavior of I S and I D and of the ferrihemoglobin cyanide and oxyhemoglobin forms of I F were demonstrated.

Journal of Chromatography published new progress about 6249-56-5. 6249-56-5 belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Phase Transfer Catalyst,Inhibitor,Natural product, name is 3-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylpropan-1-aminium chloride, and the molecular formula is C7H16ClNO2, Related Products of chlorides-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Jellen, Emily E. published the artcileProbing the stability and structure of metalloporphyrin complexes with basic peptides by mass spectrometry, Quality Control of 6249-56-5, the publication is European Journal of Mass Spectrometry (2005), 11(1), 65-72, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

The stability and structure of noncovalent complexes of various peptides containing basic amino acid residues (Arg, Lys) with metalloporphyrins were studied in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The complexes of heme and three other metalloporphyrins with a variety of basic peptides and model systems were formed via electrospray ionization (ESI) and their stability was probed by energy-variable collision-induced dissociation (CID). A linear dependence for basic peptides and model compounds/metalloporphyrin complexes was observed in the plots of stability vs. degrees of freedom and was used to evaluate relative bond strength. These results were then compared with previous data obtained for complexes of metalloporphyrins with His-containing peptides and peptides containing no basic amino acids. The binding strengths of Lys-containing peptide complexes in the gas phase is almost as strong as that of Arg-containing complexes. Both systems showed stronger binding than His-containing peptides studied previously. To probe the structure of Arg and Lys noncovalent complexes (charge solvation vs. salt bridges), two techniques, CID and ion-mol. reactions, were used. CID experiments indicate that the gas-phase complexes are most likely formed by charge solvation of the central metal ion in the metalloporphyrin by basic side chains of Arg or Lys. Results from the ion-mol. reaction studies are consistent with the charge solvation structure as well.

European Journal of Mass Spectrometry published new progress about 6249-56-5. 6249-56-5 belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Phase Transfer Catalyst,Inhibitor,Natural product, name is 3-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylpropan-1-aminium chloride, and the molecular formula is C7H16ClNO2, Quality Control of 6249-56-5.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Fattori, Daniela published the artcileDesign and synthesis of novel sulfonamide-containing bradykinin hB₂ receptor antagonists. 2. synthesis and structure-activity relationships of α,α-cycloalkylglycine sulfonamides, HPLC of Formula: 6249-56-5, the publication is Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2007), 50(3), 550-565, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

Recently, the design and synthesis of a class of selective nonpeptide bradykinin (BK) B₂ receptor antagonists (J. Med. Chem. 2006, 3602-3613) was reported. This work led to the discovery of MEN 15442 (I), an antagonist with subnanomolar affinity for the human B2 receptor (hB2R), which also displayed significant and prolonged activity in vivo (for up to 210 min) against BK-induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea-pig at a dose of 300 nmol/kg (it), while demonstrating only a slight effect on BK-induced hypotension. Herein, the further optimization of this series of compounds aimed at maximizing the effect on bronchoconstriction and minimizing the effect on hypotension, with a view to developing topically delivered drugs for airway diseases, is described. It was found that MEN 16132 (II), after intratracheal or aerosol administration, inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, BK-induced bronchoconstricton in the airways, while showing minimal systemic activity. This compound was selected as a preclin. candidate for the topical treatment of airway diseases involving kinin B2 receptor stimulation.

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry published new progress about 6249-56-5. 6249-56-5 belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Phase Transfer Catalyst,Inhibitor,Natural product, name is 3-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylpropan-1-aminium chloride, and the molecular formula is C7H16ClNO2, HPLC of Formula: 6249-56-5.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Buffa, Jennifer A. published the artcileThe microbial gbu gene cluster links cardiovascular disease risk associated with red meat consumption to microbiota L-carnitine catabolism, Related Products of chlorides-buliding-blocks, the publication is Nature Microbiology (2022), 7(1), 73-86, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

Abstract: The heightened cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk observed among omnivores is thought to be linked, in part, to gut microbiota-dependent generation of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) from L-carnitine, a nutrient abundant in red meat. Gut microbial transformation of L-carnitine into trimethylamine (TMA), the precursor of TMAO, occurs via the intermediate γ-butyrobetaine (γBB). However, the interrelationship of γBB, red meat ingestion and CVD risks, as well as the gut microbial genes responsible for the transformation of γBB to TMA, are unclear. In the present study, we show that plasma γBB levels in individuals from a clin. cohort (n = 2,918) are strongly associated with incident CVD event risks. Culture of human faecal samples and microbial transplantation studies in gnotobiotic mice with defined synthetic communities showed that the introduction of Emergencia timonensis, a human gut microbe that can metabolize γBB into TMA, is sufficient to complete the carnitine → γBB → TMA transformation, elevate TMAO levels and enhance thrombosis potential in recipients after arterial injury. RNA-sequencing analyses of E. timonensis identified a six-gene cluster, herein named the γBB utilization (gbu) gene cluster, which is upregulated in response to γBB. Combinatorial cloning and functional studies identified four genes (gbuA, gbuB, gbuC and gbuE) that are necessary and sufficient to recapitulate the conversion of γBB to TMA when coexpressed in Escherichia coli. Finally, reanal. of samples (n = 113) from a clin., randomized diet, intervention study showed that the abundance of faecal gbuA correlates with plasma TMAO and a red meat-rich diet. Our findings reveal a microbial gene cluster that is critical to dietary carnitine → γBB → TMA → TMAO transformation in hosts and contributes to CVD risk.

Nature Microbiology published new progress about 6249-56-5. 6249-56-5 belongs to chlorides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Phase Transfer Catalyst,Inhibitor,Natural product, name is 3-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylpropan-1-aminium chloride, and the molecular formula is C7H16ClNO2, Related Products of chlorides-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics