Category: 95-88-5

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of titania by co-doping with Mo and W was written by Aviles-Garcia, Osmin;Espino-Valencia, Jaime;Romero-Romero, Rubi;Rico-Cerda, Jose Luis;Arroyo-Albiter, Manuel;Solis-Casados, Dora Alicia;Natividad-Rangel, Reyna. And the article was included in Catalysts in 2018.Reference of 95-88-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Various W and Mo co-doped titanium dioxide (TiO₂) materials were obtained through the EISA (Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly) method and then tested as photocatalysts in the degradation of 4-chlorophenol. The synthesized materials were characterized by thermogravimetric anal. (TGA), Fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), N₂ physisorption, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), XPS, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the W-Mo-TiO₂ catalysts have a high surface area of about 191 m²/g, and the presence of an anatase crystalline phase. The co-doped materials exhibited smaller crystallite sizes than those with one dopant, since the crystallinity is inhibited by the presence of both species. In addition, tungsten and molybdenum dopants are distributed and are incorporated into the anatase structure of TiO₂, due to changes in red parameters and lattice expansion. Under our exptl. conditions, the co-doped TiO₂ catalyst presented 46% more 4-chlorophenol degradation than Degussa P25. The incorporation of two dopant cations in titania improved its photocatalytic performance, which was attributed to a cooperative effect by decreasing the recombination of photogenerated charges, high radiation absorption capacity, high surface areas, and low crystallinity. When TiO₂ is co-doped with the same amount of both cations (1 weight%), the highest degradation and mineralization (97% and 74%, resp.) is achieved. Quinones were the main intermediates in the 4-chlorophenol oxidation by W-Mo-TiO₂ and 1,2,4-benzenetriol was incompletely degraded. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Reference of 95-88-5).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines stimulate the central nervous system and cause convulsions, tremor, nausea, and mental confusion. Examples are dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, lindane, endosulfan, and dieldrin. Alkanes and aryl alkanes may be chlorinated under free radical conditions, with UV light. However, the extent of chlorination is difficult to control.Reference of 95-88-5

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Chemical Targeting of Voltage Sensitive Dyes to Specific Cells and Molecules in the Brain was written by Fiala, Tomas;Wang, Jihang;Dunn, Matthew;Sebej, Peter;Choi, Se Joon;Nwadibia, Ekeoma C.;Fialova, Eva;Martinez, Diana M.;Cheetham, Claire E.;Fogle, Keri J.;Palladino, Michael J.;Freyberg, Zachary;Sulzer, David;Sames, Dalibor. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2020.Synthetic Route of C6H5ClO2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Voltage sensitive fluorescent dyes (VSDs) are important tools for probing signal transduction in neurons and other excitable cells. The impact of these highly lipophilic sensors has, however, been limited due to the lack of cell-specific targeting methods in brain tissue or living animals. The authors address this key challenge by introducing a nongenetic mol. platform for cell- and mol.-specific targeting of synthetic VSDs in the brain. The authors employ a dextran polymer particle to overcome the inherent lipophilicity of VSDs by dynamic encapsulation and high-affinity ligands to target the construct to specific neuronal cells utilizing only native components of the neurotransmission machinery at physiol. expression levels. Dichloropane, a monoamine transporter ligand, enables targeting of dense dopaminergic axons in the mouse striatum and sparse noradrenergic axons in the mouse cortex in acute brain slices. PFQX in conjunction with ligand-directed acyl imidazole chem. enables covalent labeling of AMPA-type glutamate receptors in the same brain regions. Probe variants bearing either a classical electrochromic ANEP dye or state-of-the-art VoltageFluor-type dye respond to membrane potential changes in a similar manner to the parent dyes, as shown by whole-cell patch recording. The authors demonstrate the feasibility of optical voltage recording with the probes in brain tissue with one-photon and two-photon fluorescence microscopy and define the signal limits of optical voltage imaging with synthetic sensors under a low photon budget determined by the native expression levels of the target proteins. This work demonstrates the feasibility of a chem. targeting approach and expands the possibilities of cell-specific imaging and pharmacol. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Synthetic Route of C6H5ClO2).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. Organochlorine compounds are lipophylic, meaning they are more soluble in fat than in water. This gives them a high tenancy to accumulate in the food chain (biomagnification).Synthetic Route of C6H5ClO2

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Helical Nano-crystallite (HNC) Phases: Chirality Synchronization of Achiral Bent-Core Mesogens in a New Type of Dark Conglomerates was written by Alaasar, Mohamed;Prehm, Marko;Tschierske, Carsten. And the article was included in Chemistry – A European Journal in 2016.Synthetic Route of C6H5ClO2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Spontaneous generation of macroscopic homochirality in soft matter systems by self-assembly of exclusively achiral mols. under achiral conditions is a challenging task with relevance for fundamental scientific research and technol. applications. Dark conglomerate phases (DC phases), being optically isotropic mesophases composed of conglomerates of macroscopic chiral domains and formed by some non-chiral bent-core mesogens, represent such a case. Here we report two new series of non-sym. bent-core mols. capable of forming a new type of mirror symmetry broken DC phases. In the synthesized mols., a bent 4-bromoresorcinol core is connected to a Ph benzoate wing and an azobenzene wing with or without addnl. peripheral fluorine substitution. The self-assembly was investigated by DSC, polarizing microscopy, electro-optical studies and XRD. Chiral and apparently achiral DC phases were observed besides distinct types of lamellar liquid crystalline phases with different degree of polar order, allowing the investigation of the transition from smectic to DC phases. This indicates a process in which increased packing d. at first gives rise to restricted rotation and thus to growing polar order, which then leads to chirality synchronization, layer frustration and nano-scale crystallization Topol. constraints arising from the twisted packing of helical conformers in lamellar crystals is proposed to lead to amorphous solids composed of helical nano-crystallites with short coherence length (HNC phases). This is considered as a third major type of DC phases, distinct from the previously known liquid crystalline sponge phases and the helical nano-filament phases (HNF phases). Guidelines for the mol. design of new materials capable of self-assembly into these three types of DC phases are proposed. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Synthetic Route of C6H5ClO2).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines stimulate the central nervous system and cause convulsions, tremor, nausea, and mental confusion. Examples are dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, lindane, endosulfan, and dieldrin. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.Synthetic Route of C6H5ClO2

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of coumarins as potent Mcl-1 inhibitors for cancer treatment was written by Xia, Yang-Liu;Wang, Jing-Jing;Li, Shi-Yang;Liu, Yong;Gonzalez, Frank J.;Wang, Ping;Ge, Guang-Bo. And the article was included in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry in 2021.Formula: C6H5ClO2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

In this study, more than thirty coumarin derivatives I (R₁ = H, NO₂; R₂ = Me, CF₃, Ph, etc.; R₃ = H, CH₂NMe₂, CH₂N(CH₂)₄CHOH; R₄ = OH, OMe, Cl, etc.; R₅ = H, OH, OMe; R₆ = H, OH, NO₂, etc.) with different substituents were designed and synthesized, and their Mcl-1 inhibitory activities evaluated using a fluorescence polarization-based binding assay. The results showed that the catechol group was a key constituent for Mcl-1 inhibitory activity of the coumarins, and methylation of the catechol group led to decreased inhibitory activity. The introduction of a hydrophobic electron-withdrawing group at the C-4 position of 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin, enhanced Mcl-1 inhibitory capacity, and a hydrophilic group in this position was unbeneficial to the inhibitory potency. Among all coumarins tested, I (R₁ = H; R₂ = CF₃; R₃ = H; R₄ = OH; R₅ = OH; R₆ = H) displayed the most potent inhibitory activity towards Mcl-1 (K_i = 0.21 ± 0.02μM, IC₅₀ = 1.21 ± 0.56μM, resp.), for which the beneficial effect on taxol resistance was also validated in A549 cells. A strong interaction between I (R₁ = H; R₂ = CF₃; R₃ = H; R₄ = OH; R₅ = OH; R₆ = H) and Mcl-1 in docking simulations further supported the observed potent Mcl-1 inhibition ability of I (R₁ = H; R₂ = CF₃; R₃ = H; R₄ = OH; R₅ = OH; R₆ = H). 3D-QSAR anal. of all tested coumarin derivatives further provides new insights into the relationships linking the inhibitory effects on Mcl-1 and the steric-electrostatic properties of coumarins. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Formula: C6H5ClO2).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can cause corrosion in pipelines, valves and condensers, and cause catalyst poisoning. The hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) and others are affected by damage caused by these substances. Alkyl chlorides are versatile building blocks in organic chemistry. While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available.Formula: C6H5ClO2

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Phosphonofluoresceins: Synthesis, Spectroscopy, and Applications was written by Turnbull, Joshua L.;Benlian, Brittany R.;Golden, Ryan P.;Miller, Evan W.. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2021.Reference of 95-88-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Xanthene fluorophores, like fluorescein, have been versatile mols. across diverse fields of chem. and life sciences. Despite the ubiquity of 3-carboxy and 3-sulfonofluorescein for the last 150 years, to date, no reports of 3-phosphonofluorescein exist. Here, we report the synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and applications of 3-phosphonofluoresceins. The absorption and emission of 3-phosphonofluoresceins remain relatively unaltered from the parent 3-carboxyfluorescein. 3-Phosphonofluoresceins show enhanced water solubility compared to 3-carboxyfluorescein and persist in an open, visible light-absorbing state even at low pH and in low dielec. media while 3-carboxyfluoresceins tend to lactonize. In contrast, the spirocyclization tendency of 3-phosphonofluoresceins can be modulated by esterification of the phosphonic acid. The bis-acetoxymethyl ester of 3-phosphonofluorescein readily enters living cells, showing excellent accumulation (>6x) and retention (>11x), resulting in a nearly 70-fold improvement in cellular brightness compared to 3-carboxyfluorescein. In a complementary fashion, the free acid form of 3-phosphonofluorescein does not cross cellular membranes, making it ideally suited for incorporation into a voltage-sensing scaffold. We develop a new synthetic route to functionalized 3-phosphonofluoresceins to enable the synthesis of phosphono-voltage sensitive fluorophores, or phosVF2.1.Cl. Phosphono-VF2.1.Cl shows excellent membrane localization, cellular brightness, and voltage sensitivity (26% ΔF/F per 100 mV), rivaling that of sulfono-based VF dyes. In summary, we develop the first synthesis of 3-phosphonofluoresceins, characterize the spectroscopic properties of this new class of xanthene dyes, and utilize these insights to show the utility of 3-phosphonofluoresceins in intracellular imaging and membrane potential sensing. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Reference of 95-88-5).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. An organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications. Alkanes and aryl alkanes may be chlorinated under free radical conditions, with UV light. However, the extent of chlorination is difficult to control.Reference of 95-88-5

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis of New Tricyclic and Tetracyclic Fused Coumarin Sulfonate Derivatives and Their Inhibitory Effects on LPS-Induced Nitric Oxide and PGE₂ Productions in RAW 264.7 Macrophages: Part 2 was written by El-Gamal, Mohammed I.;Lee, Woo-Seok;Shin, Ji-Sun;Oh, Chang-Hyun;Lee, Kyung-Tae;Choi, Jungseung;Myoung, Nohsun;Baek, Daejin. And the article was included in Archiv der Pharmazie (Weinheim, Germany) in 2016.Safety of 4-Chlororesorcinol The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The synthesis of a new series of 21 fused coumarin derivatives is described, and the biol. evaluation of their in vitro antiinflammatory effects as inhibitors of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The target compounds were first tested for cytotoxicity to determine a non-toxic concentration for antiinflammatory screening, so that the inhibitory effects against NO and PGE₂ production would not be caused by cytotoxicity. Compounds 1f (2-methoxy-6-oxo-6,7,8,9,10,11-hexahydrocyclohepta[c]chromen-3-yl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate) and 1p (2-methoxy-6-oxo-7,8,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-6H-cycloocta[c]chromen-3-yl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate) were the most active PGE₂ inhibitors with IC₅₀ values of 0.89 and 0.95 μM, resp. Western blot and cell-free COX-2 screening showed that their effects were due to inhibition of both COX-2 protein expression and COX-2 enzyme activity. Their IC₅₀ values against the COX-2 enzyme were 0.67 and 0.85 μM, resp., which is more potent than etoricoxib. The selectivity indexes of compounds 1f and 1p against COX-2 compared to COX-1 were 41.1 and 42.5, resp. Compound 1f showed strong inhibitory effects at 5 μM concentration on COX-2 mRNA expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, the tricyclic compounds 1l (6-oxo-7,8,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-6H-cycloocta[c]chromen-3-yl 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate) and 1n (2-methoxy-6-oxo-7,8,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-6H-cycloocta[c]chromen-3-yl propane-1-sulfonate) as well as the tetracyclic analog 1u were the most potent NO inhibitors, with one-digit micromolar IC₅₀ values. They showed dose-dependent inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression. The tetracyclic derivative 1u was the most potent inhibitor of NO production It also exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on iNOS mRNA expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Safety of 4-Chlororesorcinol).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. An organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications. The haloform reaction, using chlorine and sodium hydroxide, is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones, and related compounds. Chloroform was formerly produced thus.Safety of 4-Chlororesorcinol

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Novel fluorinated 7-hydroxycoumarin derivatives containing an oxime ether moiety: design, synthesis, crystal structure and biological evaluation was written by Wang, Qing-Qing;Zhang, Shu-Guang;Jiao, Jian;Dai, Peng;Zhang, Wei-Hua. And the article was included in Molecules in 2021.Computed Properties of C6H5ClO2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

A series of fluorinated 7-hydroxycoumarin derivatives containing an oxime ether moiety I [R¹ = H, F; R² = Me, CF₃; R³ = H, Cl; R⁴ = H, Me, Bn, etc.] was designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antifungal activity. All the target compounds were determined by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, FTIR and HR-MS spectra. The single-crystal structures of compounds I [R¹ = H, F R² = Me, CF₃, R³ = H, R⁴ = Et, propargyl, butyl] were further confirmed using X-ray diffraction. The preliminary bioassays showed that some of the designed compounds I displayed the promising antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea), Alternariasolani (A. solani), Gibberella zeae (G. zeae), Rhizoctorzia solani (R. solani), Colletotrichum orbiculare (C. orbiculare) and Alternaria alternata (A. alternata) were evaluated in vitro. The target compounds I [R¹ = H, F; R² = Me, CF₃, R³ = H, R⁴ = allyl, butyl] exhibited outstanding antifungal activity against B. cinerea at 100μg/mL, with the corresponding inhibition rates reached 90.1 and 85.0%, which were better than the pos. control Osthole (83.6%) and Azoxystrobin (46.5%). The compound I [R¹ = H; R² = CF₃, R³ = Cl, R⁴ = allyl] was identified as the promising fungicide candidate against B. cinerea with the EC₅₀ values of 5.75μg/mL, which was obviously better than Osthole (33.20μg/mL) and Azoxystrobin (64.95μg/mL). The compound I [R¹ = H; R² = CF₃, R³ = Cl, R⁴ = allyl] showed remarkable antifungal activities against R. solani with the EC₅₀ values of 28.96μg/mL, which was better than Osthole (67.18μg/mL) and equivalent to Azoxystrobin (21.34μg/mL). The results provided a significant foundation for the search of novel fluorinated 7-hydroxycoumarin derivatives I with good antifungal activity. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Computed Properties of C6H5ClO2).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. Alkyl chlorides readily react with amines to give substituted amines. Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction.Computed Properties of C6H5ClO2

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Reliable optoelectronic switchable device implementation by CdS nanowires conjugated bent-core liquid crystal matrix was written by Asiya, S. I.;Pal, Kaushik;El-Sayyad, Gharieb S.;Elkodous, M. Abd;Demetriades, Catherine;Kralj, Samo;Thomas, Sabu. And the article was included in Organic Electronics in 2020.Quality Control of 4-Chlororesorcinol The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Enhancing the performance of high luminescent and dielec. capable cadmium sulfide nanowire (CdS NW) is of great importance, because of their promising ability in analyzing the dimensionality and size. The tuned phys. characteristics of semiconductor CdS NWs allowed the manipulation of both electronic and optoelectronic devices at the nanoscale by dispersing a new bent core (BC) liquid crystal (LC) compound This was derived from a 4-chlororesorcinol central core unit with two terephthalate based rod-like units carrying chiral (S)-3, 7-dimethyloctyloxy (namely CPDB) terminal chains, which have been synthesized in a pure solvo-chem. process. The mesomorphic properties of the newly-prepared bent-core LC, exhibiting an enantiotropy Sm Aphase as a result of dispersing 0.005% of CdS NWs, were investigated by several spectroscopic investigations. In addition, the hydrothermal fabrication of CdS NWs with a high-yield was modified with a cationic agent, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), which was utilized as a compatibilizer for providing a better interaction with LC mols. and giving a homogeneous solution This work focused on the exptl. investigation and optimization, using a combinational view of bent-core liquid crystal (CPDB) compound dispersion which was achieved in a controllable manner. The product of the resulting composite matrix has a very outstanding and promising behavior, e.g. semiconductor nanostructures emission polarization that can be manipulated using an external bias modulation of the novel switchable device, which was found quite convincing in the recent trends of brand-new technologies. In particular, the electro-optic responses by POM of various mesophases were investigated from the view point of the CdS incorporated bent-core LC matrix formation and transitional phase variants of ON and OFF states, which were depending on the geometrical parameters of CdS NWs. Finally, the future challenges and prospects of any other nanomaterials dispersed into CPDB compound which will give rise to an increase of the mesomorphic range by preserving the mesophase type were explored in detail. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Quality Control of 4-Chlororesorcinol).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations. Aryl chlorides may be prepared by the Friedel-Crafts halogenation, using chlorine and a Lewis acid catalyst.Quality Control of 4-Chlororesorcinol

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Effects of Na₂SO₄ or NaCl on sonochemical degradation of phenolic compounds in an aqueous solution under Ar: Positive and negative effects induced by the presence of salts was written by Uddin, Helal Md.;Nanzai, Ben;Okitsu, Kenji. And the article was included in Ultrasonics Sonochemistry in 2016.Computed Properties of C6H5ClO2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Sonochem. degradation of 4-chlorophenol, phenol, catechol and resorcinol was studied under Ar at 200 kHz in the absence and presence of Na₂SO₄ or NaCl. The rates of sonochem. degradation in the absence of salts decreased in the order 4-chlorophenol > phenol > catechol > resorcinol and this order was in good agreement with the order of log P (partition coefficient) value of each phenolic compound The effects of salts on the rates of sonochem. degradation consisted of no effect or slight neg. or pos. effects. We discussed these unclear results based on two viewpoints: one was based on the changes in pseudo hydrophobicity and/or diffusion behavior of phenolic compounds and the other was based on the changes in solubility of Ar gas. The measured log P value of each phenolic compound slightly increased with increasing salt concentration In addition, the dynamic surface tension for 4-chlorophenol aqueous solution in the absence and presence of Na₂SO₄ or NaCl suggested that phenolic compounds more easily accumulated at the interface region of bubbles at higher salt concentration These results indicated that the rates of sonochem. degradation should be enhanced by the addition of salts. On the other hand, the calculated Ar gas solubility was confirmed to decrease with increasing salt concentration The yield of H₂O₂ formed in the presence of Na₂SO₄ or NaCl decreased with increasing salt concentration These results suggested that sonochem. efficiency decreased with decreasing gas amount in aqueous solution: a neg. effect of salts was observed Because neg. and pos. effects were induced simultaneously, we concluded that the effects of salts on the rates of sonochem. degradation of phenolic compounds became unclear. The products formed from sonochem. degradation of 4-chlorophenol were also characterized by HPLC anal. The formation of phenol and 4-chloro-1,3-dihydroxy benzene was confirmed and these concentrations were affected by the presence of salts. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Computed Properties of C6H5ClO2).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, pesticides, chloromethane, teflon, insulators.While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available. Alkyl chlorides readily undergo attack by nucleophiles.Computed Properties of C6H5ClO2

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Formation and reactivity of inorganic and organic chloramines and bromamines during oxidative water treatment was written by Heeb, Michele B.;Kristiana, Ina;Trogolo, Daniela;Arey, J. Samuel;von Gunten, Urs. And the article was included in Water Research in 2017.Electric Literature of C6H5ClO2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The formation and further reactions of halamines during oxidative water treatment can be relevant for water quality. In this study, we investigated the formation and reactivity of several inorganic and organic halamines (monochloramine, N-chloromethylamine, N-chlorodimethylamine, monobromamine, dibromamine, N-bromomethylamine, N,N-dibromomethylamine, and N-bromodimethylamine) by kinetic experiments, transformation product anal., and quantum chem. computations. Kinetic model simulations were conducted to evaluate the relevance of halamines for various water treatment scenarios. Halamines were quickly formed from the reaction of chlorine and bromine with ammonia or organic amines. Species-specific second-order rate constants for the reaction of chlorine and bromine with ammonia, methyl- and dimethylamine were in the order of 10⁶-10⁸ M^-1s^-1. The formed halamines were found to be reactive towards phenolic compounds, forming halogenated phenols via electrophilic aromatic substitution (phenol and resorcinol) or quinones via electron transfer (catechol and hydroquinone). At near neutral pH, apparent second-order rate constants for these reactions were in the order of 10^-4-10^-1 M^-1s^-1 for chloramines and 10¹-10² M^-1s^-1 for bromamines. Quantum chem. computations were used to determine previously unknown aqueous pK_a values, gas phase bond dissociation energies (BDE) and partial at. charges of the halamines, allowing a better understanding of their reactivities. Kinetic model simulations, based on the results of this study, showed that during chlorination inorganic and organic chloramines are the main halamines formed. However, their further reactions with organic matter are outcompeted kinetically by chlorine. During ozonation, mainly inorganic bromamines are formed, since ozone quickly oxidizes organic amines. The further reactions of bromamine are typically outcompeted by ozone and thus generally of minor importance. The use of peracetic acid for saline ballast water treatment can result in the formation of substantial amounts of bromamines, which can react with dissolved organic matter and contribute to the formation of brominated products. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5Electric Literature of C6H5ClO2).

4-Chlororesorcinol (cas: 95-88-5) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. Alkyl chlorides are versatile building blocks in organic chemistry. While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available.Electric Literature of C6H5ClO2

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics