Tag: 300-400

Kinetic study on methylene blue removal from aqueous solution using UV/chlorine process and its combination with other advanced oxidation processes was written by Hoang, Nguyen Tien;Manh, Tran Duc;Nguyen, Vo Thang;Thy Nga, Nguyen Thi;Mwazighe, Fredrick M.;Nhi, Bui D.;Hoang, Hien Y.;Chang, S. Woong;Chung, W. Jin;Nguyen, D. Duc. And the article was included in Chemosphere in 2022.Quality Control of 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride This article mentions the following:

This study investigated the kinetic degradation of methylene blue (MB) by a UV/chlorine process and its combination with other advanced oxidation processes. The 鈥H and reactive chlorine species (RCS: Cl鈥? ClO鈥? etc.) were the primary reactive species, which accounted for 56.7% and 37.6% of MB degradation at pH 7, resp. The second-order rate constant of Cl鈥?towards MB was calculated to be 2.8 x 109 M^-1 s^-1. When the pH increased from 3 to 7, kMB by 鈥H increased from 0.15 to 0.21 min^-1 before being reduced to 0.11 min^-1 at pH 11. kMB by RCS continuously reduced from 0.16 to 0.13 min^-1 when the pH was increased to 11. Humic acid (HA), Br^–, and Cl^– inhibited the degradation with kMB in the order: kMB (in HA) < kMB (in Br^–) < kMB (in Cl^–). HCO^–₃ increased kMB from 0.37 to 0.48 min^-1. The exptl. and modeling methods fit well, indicating the effectiveness of using Kintecus in predicting concentrations of free radicals in complex water matrixes. TOC removal was achieved at 60% after 30 min in a control process and it was strongly inhibited by the presence of HA, with 22% removal achieved at 5 mgc L^-1 HA. UV/chlorine/electrochem. oxidation (UV/chlorine/EO) significantly improves kMB from 0.37 to 0.94 min^-1 at a high current (240 mA), while UV/chlorine/H₂O₂ decreased kMB at a low concentration of 0.01 mM H₂O₂ (kMB decreased by 6.1%). The results indicate that the energy cost for UV irradiation was the main cost in MB treatment in both UV/chlorine and UV/persulfate (UV/PS) processes, accounting for 91% and 84%, resp. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride (cas: 61-73-4Quality Control of 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride).

3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride (cas: 61-73-4) belongs to organic chlorides. Chlorination modifies the physical properties of hydrocarbons in several ways. These compounds are typically denser than water due to the higher atomic weight of chlorine versus hydrogen. Aryl chlorides may be prepared by the Friedel-Crafts halogenation, using chlorine and a Lewis acid catalyst.Quality Control of 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

High adsorption capacity of phenol and methylene blue using activated carbon derived from lignocellulosic agriculture wastes was written by El-Bery, Haitham M.;Saleh, Moushira;El-Gendy, Reem A.;Saleh, Mahmoud R.;Thabet, Safinaz M.. And the article was included in Scientific Reports in 2022.Application In Synthesis of 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride This article mentions the following:

The resources of clean water worldwide are very limited, and climate change is already affecting the available supplies. Therefore, developing a low-cost, highly efficient, and recyclable adsorbent to upgrade water quality has become an essential task. Herein, we report the fabrication of activated carbon (AC) adsorbents derived from lignocellulosic wastes. Both phys. and chem. activation were investigated to modify the surface texture properties. The results indicated that increasing the activation temperature, whether phys. or chem., increases the sp. surface area (SBET). On the contrary, increasing the amount of the chem. activating agent significantly decreases the SBET values. The SBET of 1771, 2120, and 2490 m² g^-1 were obtained for water vapor, K₂CO₃ and KOH, at activation temperatures of 950掳C, 800掳C, and 800掳C, resp. Methylene blue (MB) and phenol were used as adsorbates for the adsorption experiment Adsorption of methylene blue dye revealed the ability of the water activated carbon to remove more than 95% of the dye (100 ppm) within 5 min with an adsorption capacity of 148.8 mg g^-1. For phenol adsorption, Several parameters were investigated, including initial concentration (50-250 ppm), pH (2-10), contact time (5-60 min), and temperature (25-45掳C). The highest adsorption capacity of phenol achieved was 158.9 mg g^-1. The kinetics of adsorption of phenol was better described by pseudo-second-order reaction while the isotherm process using Langmuir model. This study presents a roadmap for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass waste into highly efficient porous carbon adsorbents. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride (cas: 61-73-4Application In Synthesis of 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride).

3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride (cas: 61-73-4) belongs to organic chlorides. Chlorinated organic compounds are found in nearly every class of biomolecules and natural products including alkaloids, terpenes, amino acids, flavonoids, steroids, and fatty acids.While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available. Alkyl chlorides readily undergo attack by nucleophiles.Application In Synthesis of 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Co-exposure and health risks of several typical endocrine disrupting chemicals in general population in eastern China was written by Wei, Xianping;Hu, Yu;Zhu, Qingqing;Gao, Jia;Liao, Chunyang;Jiang, Guibin. And the article was included in Environmental Research in 2022.SDS of cas: 101-20-2 This article mentions the following:

Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chems. (EDCs) is a health concern due to their wide use and interference with the human endocrine system. Parabens, bisphenols, benzophenones, triclosan (TCC), triclocarban (TCS), and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) and its derivatives tetrachlorobisphenol-A (TCBPA) and tetrabromobisphenol-S (TBBPS), are typical EDCs that are frequently detected in environmental and human samples. However, only a few studies have assessed the co-exposure of these chems. in humans. In this study, urine samples were collected from the general population in the city of Wuxi (n = 121) and a county, Taishun (n = 120), eastern China, and analyzed for these EDCs. Parabens, bisphenols, TCS, and benzophenones were frequently detected in urine, whereas TBBPA and its derivatives were not detected. The geometric mean concentrations of parabens, bisphenols, and benzophenones in urine from the Wuxi population were 25.7, 2.45, and 2.34 ng/mL, resp., which were substantially higher than those from the Taishun population (17.2, 1.70, and 2.65 ng/mL). These results suggest an urban-rural difference in urinary EDCs. The exposure risks to these EDCs were estimated based on the measured urinary concentrations and acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). Hazard quotient values for EDCs in humans from both locations were generally less than 1, indicating a low exposure risk of EDCs in these regions. Nonetheless, the health risks caused by co-exposure to such EDCs cannot be ignored. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2SDS of cas: 101-20-2).

1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2) belongs to organic chlorides. Chlorination modifies the physical properties of hydrocarbons in several ways. These compounds are typically denser than water due to the higher atomic weight of chlorine versus hydrogen.While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available. Alkyl chlorides readily undergo attack by nucleophiles.SDS of cas: 101-20-2

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthetic and mechanistic aspects of anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate using tetrabutyl ammonium thioimidate was written by Ge, Fang;Zhang, Qun;Wang, Xiaowu. And the article was included in Journal of Polymer Science (Hoboken, NJ, United States) in 2021.Formula: C13H9Cl3N2O This article mentions the following:

The tetrabutylammonium salts of ionic organo-initiator containing N,N’-diisopropylthiourea (TUA-1) or N,N’-diethylthiourea (TUA-2) serve as inexpensive initiators for the anionic polymerization of Me methacrylate (MMA) at room temperature The mol. weights of obtained polymers are in the range of 1500-22,700 g mol^-1 and the mol. weight distributions are fairly broad (D = 1.9-2.5) in optimized cases. The molar ratio of monomer to initiator can be achieved up to 800. Side-reactions, for example, backbiting, transfer reactions result in the polymerization being a non-living manner, thus leading to broad mol. weight distributions of the resulting polymers. The effects of counterion nature were also studied from the polymerization of MMA using TUA-1 anion with sodium or potassium salts as counterions under identical conditions. Detailed investigation indicates that the polymerization proceeds via a sulfur anion initiated repeated 1,4-Michael addition In general, thioimidate initiators induced MMA polymerization feature certain induction periods, which is ascribed to slow addition thioimidate to C=C double bond of MMA as a result of low initiator efficiency. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2Formula: C13H9Cl3N2O).

1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2) belongs to organic chlorides. An organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications. Alkanes and aryl alkanes may be chlorinated under free radical conditions, with UV light. However, the extent of chlorination is difficult to control.Formula: C13H9Cl3N2O

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Unusual iron-platinum bonding in the cluster (diironhexacarbonyl)[(蟺-dicyclopentadiene)platinum] disulfide was written by Pasynskii, A. A.;Semenova, N. I.;Torubaev, Yu. V.;Lysenko, K. A.. And the article was included in Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii in 2001.Recommanded Product: 12083-92-0 This article mentions the following:

Transmetalation of (渭₃-S)₂Fe₃(CO)₉ with C₁₀H₁₂PtCl₂ (C₁₀H₁₂ = dicyclopentadiene) in THF gave 55% title cluster C₁₀H₁₂Pt(渭₃-S)₂Fe₂(CO)₆, the structure of which was determined by x-ray crystallog. The Pt atom is 蟺-coordinated with double bonds of the dicyclopentadiene mol. and with 2 渭₃-bridging S atoms and is in a square planar environment. The Fe(CO)₃ moieties show an Fe-Fe bond length of 2.515 脜. One of the Fe atoms forms an Fe-Pt bond of 3.03 脜 length with the Pt atom, and tilts the planarity of the Pt atom ligand environment toward itself. The role of the steric effects of interligand repulsion on Fe-Pt interaction is discussed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Dichlorodi(cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)platinate(II) (cas: 12083-92-0Recommanded Product: 12083-92-0).

Dichlorodi(cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)platinate(II) (cas: 12083-92-0) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, pesticides, chloromethane, teflon, insulators. Organochlorine compounds are lipophylic, meaning they are more soluble in fat than in water. This gives them a high tenancy to accumulate in the food chain (biomagnification).Recommanded Product: 12083-92-0

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Evaluating sewer exfiltration in groundwater by pharmaceutical tracers after the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes, Japan was written by Kobayashi, Jun;Kuroda, Keisuke;Miyamoto, Chinatsu;Uchiyama, Yukiko;Sankoda, Kenshi;Nakajima, Daisuke. And the article was included in Journal of Hazardous Materials in 2021.Formula: C13H9Cl3N2O This article mentions the following:

In Apr. 2016, a series of earthquakes (M 7.3 on the Japan Meteorol. Agency scale) occurred in Kumamoto, Japan causing serious damage to underground sewerage networks. In this study, we evaluated sewer exfiltration in groundwater in the Kumamoto area after the earthquakes by using multiple tracers. We used 14 pharmaceuticals, including carbamazepine and crotamiton, and anthropogenic Gd as tracers, and we measured concentrations of these tracers from Sept. 2016 to Nov. 2017 seasonally. The detection frequency of caffeine, carbamazepine, crotamiton, ibuprofen, and anthropogenic Gd ranged from 29% to 45%, and the concentrations of the pharmaceuticals in the groundwater were lower than those in previous studies. The median of all pharmaceutical concentrations did not decrease, whereas the median of the sum of crotamiton and carbamazepine concentrations, which are quant. sewage markers, decreased with time. The sewer exfiltration rates in Sept. 2016 estimated using carbamazepine, crotamiton, and anthropogenic Gd were 0.59 卤 0.27%, 0.66 卤 0.47%, and 0.11 卤 0.18% of sewage dry weather flow, resp., indicating that the effect of the earthquakes on sewer exfiltration was small, probably because the damaged sewers were quickly repaired. This study demonstrated that a multiple-tracer approach is useful for evaluating sewer exfiltration after major earthquakes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2Formula: C13H9Cl3N2O).

1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, pesticides, chloromethane, teflon, insulators. Alkyl chlorides readily react with amines to give substituted amines. Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction.Formula: C13H9Cl3N2O

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Trichlorocarban induces developmental and immune toxicity to zebrafish (Danio rerio) by targeting TLR4/MyD88/NF-魏B signaling pathway was written by Xu, Jiaqi;Qian, Qiuhui;Xia, Min;Wang, Xuedong;Wang, Huili. And the article was included in Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) in 2021.Recommanded Product: 101-20-2 This article mentions the following:

Trichlorocarban (TCC) is ubiquitously detected in environmental matrixes, while there is a paucity of information regarding its systemic toxicity. In the present study, we observed that TCC exposure led to high embryo mortality, delayed hatching and yolk absorption, as well as increased malformations, such as closure of swim sac and yolk sac edema. Meanwhile, TCC affected the formation and branch of subintestinal veins (SIVs), intersegmental vessels and posterior cardinal veins. Especially, the SIVs were shrunk, and their branches were reduced or even broken along with reduced coverage area. TCC-induced oxidative stress and excessive apoptosis resulted from abnormal expression of the anti/pro-apoptotic genes. Significant reduction in the number and aggregation function of immune cells proved that TCC had prominent immunotoxicity to zebrafish. TCC-targeted TLR4 signaling pathway was demonstrated by abnormal expression of the marker genes (tlr4, MyD88 and nf-魏b) and release of the downstream inflammatory factors (TNF-伪, IL-6, etc.). Inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/NF-魏B pathway by an inhibitor (CA-4948) rescued the decreasing trend of the immune cells induced by TCC. Mol. docking results demonstrated that TCC could stably bind to TLR4 receptor to form hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with amino acids. Overall, these findings reveal the underlying mol. mechanisms on TCC-induced developmental and immune toxicity to zebrafish. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2Recommanded Product: 101-20-2).

1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can cause corrosion in pipelines, valves and condensers, and cause catalyst poisoning. The hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) and others are affected by damage caused by these substances. Aryl chlorides may be prepared by the Friedel-Crafts halogenation, using chlorine and a Lewis acid catalyst.Recommanded Product: 101-20-2

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Evaluation and comparison of in vitro intrinsic clearance rates measured using cryopreserved hepatocytes from humans, rats, and rainbow trout was written by Black, Sherry R.;Nichols, John W.;Fay, Kellie A.;Matten, Sharlene R.;Lynn, Scott G.. And the article was included in Toxicology in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 101-20-2 This article mentions the following:

In vitro and in silico methods that can reduce the need for animal testing are being used with increasing frequency to assess chem. risks to human health and the environment. The rate of hepatic biotransformation is an important species-specific parameter for determining bioaccumulation potential and extrapolating in vitro bioactivity to in vivo effects. One approach to estimating hepatic biotransformation is to employ in vitro systems derived from liver tissue to measure chem. (substrate) depletion over time which can then be translated to a rate of intrinsic clearance (CLint). In the present study, cryopreserved hepatocytes from humans, rats, and rainbow trout were used to measure CLint values for 54 industrial and pesticidal chems. at starting test concentrations of 0.1 and 1 渭M. A data evaluation framework that emphasizes the behavior of Heat-Treated Controls (HTC) was developed to identify datasets suitable for rate reporting. Measured or estimated (“greater than” or “less than”) CLint values were determined for 124 of 226 (55 %) species-chem.-substrate concentration datasets with acceptable anal. chem. A large percentage of tested chems. exhibited low HTC recovery values, indicating a substantial abiotic loss of test chem. over time. An evaluation of KOW values for individual chems. suggested that in vitro test performance declined with increasing chem. hydrophobicity, although differences in testing devices for mammals and fish also likely played a role. The current findings emphasize the value of neg. controls as part of a rigorous approach to data quality assessment for in vitro substrate depletion studies. Changes in current testing protocols can be expected to result in the collection of higher quality data. However, poorly soluble chems. are likely to remain a challenge for CLint determination In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2HPLC of Formula: 101-20-2).

1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (cas: 101-20-2) belongs to organic chlorides. Organic chlorides can be used in production of: PVC, pesticides, chloromethane, teflon, insulators. Aliphatic organochlorides are often alkylating agents as chlorine can act as a leaving group, which can result in cellular damage.HPLC of Formula: 101-20-2

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Comparison of Different Polymer- and Silica-Supported 9-Amino-9-deoxy-epi-quinines as Recyclable Organocatalysts was written by Porta, Riccardo;Coccia, Francesca;Annunziata, Rita;Puglisi, Alessandra. And the article was included in ChemCatChem in 2015.Safety of Dichlorodi(cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)platinate(II) This article mentions the following:

9-Amino-9-deoxy-epi-quinine, properly modified by suitable linkers, was anchored on highly cross-linked polystyrene, poly(ethylene glycol), and silica. The resulting species were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and tested as supported organocatalysts in the reaction between isobutyric aldehyde and trans-尾-nitrostyrene. Polystyrene- and poly(ethylene glycol)-supported catalysts outperformed their nonsupported counterpart affording the desired product in high yield and ee (>90 % ee). Silica-supported catalysts proved to be less efficient in terms of both chem. yield and enantioselectivity. Polystyrene- and poly(ethylene glycol)-supported 9-amino-9-deoxy-epi-quinine were then used in the same reaction with different substrates, leading to the desired products in high yield and ee, as well as in three other reactions operating with different mechanism. An investigation of the recyclability of the polystyrene- and poly(ethylene glycol)-supported systems showed that these could be recovered and recycled with no loss of stereochem. activity but with a marked erosion of chem. efficiency occurring at the fifth reaction cycle. This was ascribed to chem. degradation of the alkaloid occurring during the reaction. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Dichlorodi(cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)platinate(II) (cas: 12083-92-0Safety of Dichlorodi(cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)platinate(II)).

Dichlorodi(cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)platinate(II) (cas: 12083-92-0) belongs to organic chlorides. Organochlorines are organic compounds having multiple chlorine atoms. They were the first synthetic pesticides that were used in agriculture. They are resistant to most microbial and chemical degradations.While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available. Alkyl chlorides readily undergo attack by nucleophiles.Safety of Dichlorodi(cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)platinate(II)

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

A novel conductive nanocomposite-based biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of microRNA-21 in serum, using methylene blue as mediator was written by Deng, Mengtian;Feng, Jialu;Tao, Dan;Yan, Hanhui;Ding, Jingjing;Jaffrezic-Renault, Nicole;Guo, Zhenzhong. And the article was included in Bioelectrochemistry in 2022.Quality Control of 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride This article mentions the following:

MicroRNA-21 (miRNA-21) is a common biomarker with high expression in breast tumors. Therefore, sensitive detection of miRNA-21 is of great significance for clin. breast tumor diagnosis. A TH/rGO/CMK-3/AuNPs nanocomposite is composed of thionine (TH), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK-3), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which help to increase the sp. surface area of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and to amplify the DPV signal. Meanwhile, methylene blue (MB) was combined with the capture probe guanine and absorbed by the composite material to mediate the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) of the obtained miRNA biosensor. The current response decreased with increasing miRNA-21 concentration under optimal conditions. The biosensor responds to miRNA-21 in the 0.1fM-1 pM concentration range, and the detection limit (LOD) was 0.046 fM. Moreover, human serum samples were effectively detected utilizing the miRNA-21 biosensor with satisfactory results. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride (cas: 61-73-4Quality Control of 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride).

3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride (cas: 61-73-4) belongs to organic chlorides. An organic chloride is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of names and applications. Alkyl chlorides readily react with amines to give substituted amines. Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction.Quality Control of 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride

Referemce:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics