Tag: M.W=150-200

Authors Chen, B; Lin, ZH; Wu, RH; Jin, SW; Dong, LF; Bai, LQ; Xu, WQ; Wang, DQ in ELSEVIER published article about PROTON-TRANSFER COMPOUNDS; SOLID-STATE LANDSCAPE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; STRUCTURAL-CHARACTERIZATION; PHARMACEUTICAL COCRYSTALS; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; ORGANIC SALTS; SOLUBILITY; SYNTHON; ARCHITECTURES in [Chen, Bin; Wu, Ronghui; Jin, Shouwen; Bai, Liqun] Zhejiang A&F Univ, Linan 311300, Peoples R China; [Chen, Bin; Lin, Zhihao; Jin, Shouwen; Dong, Lingfeng; Xu, Weiqiang] Zhejiang A&F Univ, Jiyang Coll, Zhuji 311800, Zhejiang, Peoples R China; [Wang, Daqi] Liaocheng Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong, Peoples R China in 2021, Cited 86. Computed Properties of C7H4Cl2O2. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0

Cocrystallization of the widely available 4-dimethylaminopyridine, with a series of carboxylic acids gave nine molecular adducts 4-dimethylaminopyridinium trifluoroacetate (1) , 4-dimethylaminopyridinium glycolate glycolic acid (2) , 4-dimethylaminopyridinium 2-furoate dihydrate (3) , tri(4-dimethylaminopyridinium) tri(o-chlorobenzoate) tetrahydrate (4) , 4-dimethylaminopyridinium 4-bromobenzoate 4-bromobenzoic acid (5) , 4-dimethylaminopyridinium 4-formylbenzoate 4-formylbenzoic acid (6) , 4-dimethylaminopyridinium 2,4-dichlorobenzoate (7) , 4-dimethylaminopyridinium 2-aminobenzoate 2-aminobenzoic acid (8) and bis(4-dimethylaminopyridinium) 5-nitroisophthalate 5-nitroisophthalic acid methanol solvate (9) . The nine adducts have been characterised by X-ray diffraction, IR and elemental analysis, the melting points were also reported. Their structural and supramolecular aspects are fully analyzed. The result reveals that among the nine investigated crystals only the ring Ns in the 4-dimethylaminopyridine moieties are protonated when the carboxylic acids are deprotonated. The crystal packing is interpreted by the strong charge-assisted N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bond between the NH+ and the deprotonated acidic groups. Except the N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds, the charge assisted or neutral O-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds were also found at 2-6, 8 and 9 . The COOH center dot center dot center dot COO- synthon has been at 2, 5-6 and 8-9. Further analysis of the crystal packing indicated that a different family of additional CH-O/CH2-O/CH3-O, F-F, Br-Br, CH-Cl, CH3-Cl, CH-pi/CH3-pi, C-H center dot center dot center dot C-pi, C-pi, Cl-O, O-C, O-pi and pi-pi contacts contribute to the stabilization and expansion of the total high-dimensional (2D-3D) framework structures. For the synergism of the various nonbonding contacts there created homo/hetero supramolecular synthons or both. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Computed Properties of C7H4Cl2O2. About 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Chen, B; Lin, ZH; Wu, RH; Jin, SW; Dong, LF; Bai, LQ; Xu, WQ; Wang, DQ or concate me.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Dong, LL; Shen, SQ; Chen, W; Lu, HZ; Xu, DD; Jin, SH; Yang, Q; Zhang, JJ in [Dong, Lili; Shen, Shengqiang; Lu, Huizhe; Xu, Dongdong; Jin, Shuhui; Zhang, Jianjun] China Agr Univ, Coll Sci, Dept Appl Chem, Beijing, Peoples R China; [Chen, Wei; Yang, Qing] Dalian Univ Technol, Sch Life Sci & Biotechnol, Dalian, Peoples R China; [Yang, Qing] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Plant Protect, Beijing 100193, Peoples R China published Glycosyl triazoles as novel insect beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase OfHex1 inhibitors: Design, synthesis, molecular docking and MD simulations in 2019, Cited 36. Formula: C7H4Cl2O2. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0.

The insect enzyme GH20 beta-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidase OfHex1 represents an important chitinolytic enzyme found in the agricultural pest Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) and inhibition of this enzyme has been considered a promising strategy for the development of eco-friendly pesticides. In this article, based on the structure of the catalytic domains of OfHex1, a series of novel glycosyl triazoles were designed and synthesized via Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne [3+ 2] cycloaddition reaction. To investigate the potency and selectivity of these glycosyl triazoles, the inhibition activities towards OfHex1 and HsHexB (human beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase B) were studied. Particularly compound 17c (OfHex1, K-i= 28.68 mu M; HsHexB, K-i > 100 mu M) exhibited a suitable activity and selectivity against OfHex1. Furthermore, the possible inhibitory mechanisms of 17c with OfHex1 were studied using molecular docking and MD simulations. The structure-activity relationship results as well as the formed binding patterns may provide promising insights into the further development of novel OfHex1 inhibitors.

Formula: C7H4Cl2O2. About 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Dong, LL; Shen, SQ; Chen, W; Lu, HZ; Xu, DD; Jin, SH; Yang, Q; Zhang, JJ or concate me.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

An article Synthesis of novel indole derivatives containing double 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety as efficient bactericides against phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae WOS:000458121900002 published article about ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION; LEAF-BLIGHT; ANALOGS; DESIGN; POTENT; WILT; GENOME in [Tian, Kun; Li, Xiao-Qin; Zhang, Li; Wu, Shou-Qun; Wan, Jin-Lin; Ouyang, Gui-Ping] Guizhou Univ, State Key Lab Breeding Base Green Pesticide & Agr, Key Lab Green Pesticide & Agr Bioengn, Minist Educ,Ctr Res & Dev Fine Chem, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, Peoples R China; [Gan, Yi-Yuan; Meng, Jiao; Xu, Yang; Cai, Chao-Ting; Ouyang, Gui-Ping; Wang, Zhen-Chao] Guizhou Univ, Coll Pharm, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, Peoples R China; [Ouyang, Gui-Ping; Wang, Zhen-Chao] Drug Synthet Engn Lab Guizhou Prov, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, Peoples R China in 2019, Cited 37. Safety of 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0

A series of novel indole derivatives containing double 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety was designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activities in vitro. These compounds were fully characterized by H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, and HRMS. Bioassay results indicated that most of title compounds exhibited excellent antibacterial activities against rice bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae (Xoo). For example, compounds 7d, 7h, 7i, 7j, 7k, 7l and 7m had the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of 52.31, 54.12, 40.65, 38.80, 51.13, 52.75 and 50.66 mu g/mL, respectively, which was better than that of commercial product bismerthiazol (BMT) (85.18 mu g/mL). The experimental results proved that indole derivatives bearing double 1,3,4-oxadiazole unit are promising candidates for the development of new agricultural bactericides against pathogenic bacterium Xoo. [GRAPHICS] .

Safety of 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. About 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Tian, K; Li, XQ; Zhang, L; Gan, YY; Meng, J; Wu, SQ; Wan, JL; Xu, Y; Cai, CT; Ouyang, GP; Wang, ZC or concate me.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Formula: C7H4Cl2O2. In 2021 J MOL STRUCT published article about PROTON-TRANSFER COMPOUNDS; SOLID-STATE LANDSCAPE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; STRUCTURAL-CHARACTERIZATION; PHARMACEUTICAL COCRYSTALS; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; ORGANIC SALTS; SOLUBILITY; SYNTHON; ARCHITECTURES in [Chen, Bin; Wu, Ronghui; Jin, Shouwen; Bai, Liqun] Zhejiang A&F Univ, Linan 311300, Peoples R China; [Chen, Bin; Lin, Zhihao; Jin, Shouwen; Dong, Lingfeng; Xu, Weiqiang] Zhejiang A&F Univ, Jiyang Coll, Zhuji 311800, Zhejiang, Peoples R China; [Wang, Daqi] Liaocheng Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong, Peoples R China in 2021, Cited 86. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0.

Cocrystallization of the widely available 4-dimethylaminopyridine, with a series of carboxylic acids gave nine molecular adducts 4-dimethylaminopyridinium trifluoroacetate (1) , 4-dimethylaminopyridinium glycolate glycolic acid (2) , 4-dimethylaminopyridinium 2-furoate dihydrate (3) , tri(4-dimethylaminopyridinium) tri(o-chlorobenzoate) tetrahydrate (4) , 4-dimethylaminopyridinium 4-bromobenzoate 4-bromobenzoic acid (5) , 4-dimethylaminopyridinium 4-formylbenzoate 4-formylbenzoic acid (6) , 4-dimethylaminopyridinium 2,4-dichlorobenzoate (7) , 4-dimethylaminopyridinium 2-aminobenzoate 2-aminobenzoic acid (8) and bis(4-dimethylaminopyridinium) 5-nitroisophthalate 5-nitroisophthalic acid methanol solvate (9) . The nine adducts have been characterised by X-ray diffraction, IR and elemental analysis, the melting points were also reported. Their structural and supramolecular aspects are fully analyzed. The result reveals that among the nine investigated crystals only the ring Ns in the 4-dimethylaminopyridine moieties are protonated when the carboxylic acids are deprotonated. The crystal packing is interpreted by the strong charge-assisted N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bond between the NH+ and the deprotonated acidic groups. Except the N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds, the charge assisted or neutral O-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds were also found at 2-6, 8 and 9 . The COOH center dot center dot center dot COO- synthon has been at 2, 5-6 and 8-9. Further analysis of the crystal packing indicated that a different family of additional CH-O/CH2-O/CH3-O, F-F, Br-Br, CH-Cl, CH3-Cl, CH-pi/CH3-pi, C-H center dot center dot center dot C-pi, C-pi, Cl-O, O-C, O-pi and pi-pi contacts contribute to the stabilization and expansion of the total high-dimensional (2D-3D) framework structures. For the synergism of the various nonbonding contacts there created homo/hetero supramolecular synthons or both. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Formula: C7H4Cl2O2. About 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Chen, B; Lin, ZH; Wu, RH; Jin, SW; Dong, LF; Bai, LQ; Xu, WQ; Wang, DQ or concate me.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Authors Hajimohammadi, M; Azizi, N; Tollabimazraeno, S; Tuna, A; Duchoslav, J; Knor, G in SPRINGER published article about SINGLET OXYGEN; TITANIUM-DIOXIDE; KINETICS; PHOTOOXYGENATION; MECHANISMS; 4,4,4,4-TETRASULFOPHTHALOCYANINE; TETRASULFOPHTHALOCYANINE; AUTOXIDATION; DERIVATIVES; GENERATION in [Hajimohammadi, Mahdi; Tuna, Ali; Knoer, Guenther] Johannes Kepler Univ Linz, Inst Inorgan Chem, Altenberger Str 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria; [Hajimohammadi, Mahdi; Azizi, Naeleh] Kharazmi Univ, Fac Chem, GC POB 14911-15719, Tehran, Iran; [Tollabimazraeno, Sajjad] CEO Instrument Futurism, Paul Hahn Str 1-3, A-4020 Linz, Austria; [Duchoslav, Jiri] Oberflachentechnol GmbH, CEST Kompetenzzentrum Elektrochem, Viktor Kaplan Str 2, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria in 2021.0, Cited 52.0. Application In Synthesis of 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. The Name is 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-30-6

The development of robust and cheap photocatalyst systems for visible-light induced organic substrate transformations is a significant uprising research topic at the crossroads of green chemistry and modern synthetic methodology. Atom economy, efficiency and selectivity are key parameters for the future practical applicability of the specific processes catalyzed. In this context, we report a simple and sustainable oxygen-dependent route for oxidizing various aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids at room temperature under visible light and sunlight irradiation mediated by cobalt phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (CoPcS) supported on reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Remarkably, products are obtained with (81-100)% conversion and 100% selectivity. [GRAPHICS] .

About 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Hajimohammadi, M; Azizi, N; Tollabimazraeno, S; Tuna, A; Duchoslav, J; Knor, G or concate me.. Application In Synthesis of 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

I found the field of Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry very interesting. Saw the article Design, synthesis and evaluation of activity and pharmacokinetic profile of new derivatives of xanthone and piperazine in the central nervous system published in 2019. Name: 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid, Reprint Addresses Zelaszczyk, D (corresponding author), Jagiellonian Univ, Med Coll, Fac Pharm, Dept Bioorgan Chem,Chair Organ Chem, Krakow, Poland.. The CAS is 50-84-0. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid

Searching for CNS active cyclic amines derivatives containing heterocyclic xanthone core we designed and synthesized a set of fourteen novel 2- or 4-methylxanthone substituted by alkyl- or aryl-piperazine moieties. The compounds were evaluated in vivo for their potential antidepressant-like activity (in the forced swim test) and anxiolytic-like activity (four-plate test) and their inhibitory effect against rat 5-HT2 receptor was checked. The pharmacokinetic analysis of active compounds done by a non-compartmental approach have shown a rapid absorption of all studied molecules from intraperitoneal cavity and good penetration the blood-brain barrier after i.p. administration with brain to plasma ratios varied from 2.8 to 31.6. Genotoxicity and biotransformation of active compounds were studied. Compound 19 interactions with major classes of GPCRs, uptake systems and ion channels were tested and results indicated that it binds to 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B receptors and sodium channels.

Name: 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. About 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Zelaszczyk, D; Jakubczyk, M; Pytka, K; Rapacz, A; Walczak, M; Janiszewska, P; Panczyk, K; Zmudzki, P; Sloczynska, K; Marona, H; Waszkielewicz, AM or concate me.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Jora, MZ; de Souza, RN; Barbosa, TM; Tormena, CF; Sabadini, E in [Jora, Manazael Z.; de Souza, Renato N.; Sabadini, Edvaldo] Univ Campinas UNICAMP, Inst Chem, Phys Chem Dept, POB 6154, BR-13084862 Campinas, SP, Brazil; [Barbosa, Thais M.; Tormena, Claudio F.] Univ Campinas UNICAMP, Inst Chem, Organ Chem Dept, POB 6154, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil published Probing the Formation of Wormlike Micelles Formed by Cationic Surfactant with Chlorobenzoate Derivatives in 2019, Cited 51. Product Details of 50-84-0. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0.

The energy released when tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C(14)TAB) is combined with different derivatives of chlorobenzoates in an isothermal titration calorimeter (ITC) allows a direct evaluation of the spontaneity of the threading of the aromatic anions into the micellar palisade. The comparison between the enthalpimetric curves with the ones for viscosity of the solutions, hydrodynamic radii of the aggregates (dynamic light scattering experiments), and the fraction of aromatic anions incorporated (diffusion-ordered spectroscopy experiments) allows the establishment of the variations of enthalpy with formation, growth, and decrease of the wormlike micelles (WLMs). The formation of WLMs with C(14)TAB is very favored (very exothermic) for titrations of chlorobenzoate derivatives which present the chlorine atom in positions 3 or 4 of the aromatic ring. However, the aggregation is highly unfavorable if chlorine is at position 2 of chlorobenzoate. According to the results, the high potential of the ITC to determine critical concentrations and the energies associated with the aggregation of a cationic surfactant and aromatic anions for the formation of WLMs was demonstrated.

About 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Jora, MZ; de Souza, RN; Barbosa, TM; Tormena, CF; Sabadini, E or concate me.. Product Details of 50-84-0

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks. In 2019 IND ENG CHEM RES published article about MAGNETICALLY RECYCLABLE NANOCATALYST; ONE-POT; SELECTIVE REDUCTION; CATALYZED REDUCTION; MULTICOMPONENT REACTIONS; PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES; FE3O4 NANOPARTICLES; ORGANIC-SYNTHESIS; FUNCTIONAL-GROUPS; N-ACETYLATION in [Zeynizadeh, Behzad; Sepehraddin, Farhad; Mousavi, Hossein] Urmia Univ, Fac Chem, Dept Organ Chem, Orumiyeh, Iran in 2019, Cited 87. The Name is 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-84-0.

Green, simple, and highly efficient various strategies for the straightforward reduction of carboxylic acids to corresponding alcohols have been developed by employing four different types of cost-effective hydrogen donors, namely sodium borohydride (NaBH4), ammonium formate (HCO2NH4), glycerol, and isopropanol (i-PrOH) in the presence of Fe3O4@APTMS@ZrCp2Clx ((x = 0, 1, 2)) as a robust and durable nanocatalyst under neat conditions. Also, the mentioned magnetically separable nanocatalyst was recovered and reused at least five times without significant loss in catalytic activity. In comparison with the known protocols for the direct reduction of carboxylic acids to corresponding alcohols, our current methods offer several benefits such as being straightforward (without isolation of aldehyde intermediates), mild reaction conditions, eco-friendly, short reaction times, good to excellent yields of the products, use of inexpensive hydrogen donors, recoverability, and reusability of the catalyst and so on.

Category: chlorides-buliding-blocks. About 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Zeynizadeh, B; Sepehraddin, F; Mousavi, H or concate me.

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

I found the field of Science & Technology – Other Topics very interesting. Saw the article An influenza A hemagglutinin small-molecule fusion inhibitor identified by a new high-throughput fluorescence polarization screen published in 2020. HPLC of Formula: C7H4Cl2O2, Reprint Addresses Wolan, DW (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.; Wilson, IA; Wolan, DW (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Integrat Struct & Computat Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.; Wilson, IA (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.. The CAS is 50-84-0. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid

Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is the primary surface antigen targeted by the host immune response and a focus for development of novel vaccines, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), and therapeutics. HA enables viral entry into host cells via receptor binding and membrane fusion and is a validated target for drug discovery. However, to date, only a very few bona fide small molecules have been reported against the HA. To identity new antiviral lead candidates against the highly conserved fusion machinery in the HA stem, we synthesized a fluorescence-polarization probe based on a recently described neutralizing cyclic peptide P7 derived from the complementarity-determining region loops of human bnAbs FI6v3 and CR9114 against the HA stem. We then designed a robust binding assay compatible with high-throughput screening to identify molecules with low micromolar to nanomolar affinity to influenza A group 1 HAs. Our simple, low-cost, and efficient in vitro assay was used to screen H1/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1/PR8) HA trimer against similar to 72,000 compounds. The crystal structure of H1/PR8 HA in complex with our best hit compound F0045(S) confirmed that it binds to pockets in the HA stem similar to bnAbs FI6v3 and CR9114, cyclic peptide P7, and small-molecule inhibitor JNJ4796. F0045 is enantioselective against a panel of group 1 HAs and F0045(S) exhibits in vitro neutralization activity against multiple H1N1 and H5N1 strains. Our assay, compound characterization, and small-molecule candidate should further stimulate the discovery and development of new compounds with unique chemical scaffolds and enhanced influenza antiviral capabilities.

About 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Yao, Y; Kadam, RU; Lee, CCD; Woehl, JL; Wu, NC; Zhu, XY; Kitamura, S; Wilson, IA; Wolan, DW or concate me.. HPLC of Formula: C7H4Cl2O2

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Hu, FP; Cui, XF; Ban, ZH; Lu, GP; Luo, N; Huang, GS in [Hu, Fangpeng; Cui, Xinfeng; Ban, Zihui; Lu, Guoqiang; Luo, Nan; Huang, Guosheng] Lanzhou Univ, State Key Lab Appl Organ Chem, Key Lab Nonferrous Met Chem & Resources Utilizat, Dept Chem, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China published Synthesis of quinazolin-4(1H)-ones via amination and annulation of amidines and benzamides in 2019.0, Cited 65.0. Application In Synthesis of 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. The Name is 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 50-30-6.

Quinazolinones have broad applications in the biological, pharmaceutical and material fields. Studies on the synthesis of these compounds are therefore widely conducted. Herein, a novel and highly efficient copper-mediated tandem C(sp(2))-H amination and annulation of benzamides and amidines for the synthesis of quinazolin-4(1H)-ones is proposed. This synthetic route can be useful for the construction of quinazolin-4(1H)-one frameworks.

About 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Hu, FP; Cui, XF; Ban, ZH; Lu, GP; Luo, N; Huang, GS or concate me.. Application In Synthesis of 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid

Reference:
Chloride – Wikipedia,
,Chlorides – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics